Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging
remarkable photocatalytic semiconductor,
is arousing strong interests in this field of solar-driven CO2 reduction, but its stability and activity are still facing
huge challenges. Here, an ambient-stable and effective 2D/2D heterostructure
of BP/bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) with oxygen
vacancy is innovatively designed for syngas production via photocatalytic
CO2 reduction. This work, not only resolves the stability
problem of BP nanosheets by anchoring ultrasmall platinum (Pt) nanoparticles
(∼2 nm) but also greatly improves the charge transfer efficiency
by constructing S-scheme 2D/2D heterostructure with coupled oxygen
defects. As a result, the generation rates of carbon monoxide (CO)
and hydrogen (H2) remarkably reach 20.5 and 16.8 μmol
g–1 h–1, respectively, which are
much higher than that of reported BP-based materials, and the accomplished
CO/H2 ratios (1:1–2:1) are exactly the most desirable
syngas for industrial applications. Thus, this work constructs an
efficient and ambient-stable BP-based photocatalyst for syngas production
by CO2 reduction at mild conditions.
Antrodia salmonea (AS), a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes in RAW264.7 macrophages by the fermented culture broth of AS, studied the resulting protection against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation, and revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects. We found that non-cytotoxic concentrations of AS (25-100 μg mL⁻¹) protected macrophages from LPS-induced cell death and ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant potential of AS was directly correlated with the increased expression of the antioxidant genes HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCLC, as well as the level of intracellular GSH followed by an increase in the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Furthermore, Nrf2 knockdown diminished the protective effects of AS, as evidenced by the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including PGE₂, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Notably, AS treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced ICAM-1 expression in macrophages. Our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory potential of Antrodia salmonea is mediated by the activation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense mechanisms. Results support the traditional usage of this beneficial mushroom for the treatment of free radical-related diseases and inflammation.
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