Best management practices (BMPs) for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution are widely available. However, agriculture remains a major global contributor to degradation of waters because farmers often do not adopt BMPs. To improve water quality, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence BMP adoption by farmers. We review the findings of BMP adoption studies from both developed and developing countries, published after (or otherwise not included in) two major literature reviews from 2007 and 2008. We summarize the study locations, scales, and BMPs studied; the analytical methods used; the factors evaluated; and the directionality of each factor's influence on BMP adoption. We then present a conceptual framework for BMP adoption decisions that emphasizes the importance of scale, the tailoring or targeting of information and incentives, and the importance of expected farm profits. We suggest that future research directions should focus on study scale, on measuring and modeling of adoption as a continuous process, and on incorporation of social norms and uncertainty into decision-making. More research is needed on uses of social media and market recognition approaches (such as certificate schemes and consumer labeling) to influence BMP adoption.

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Accurately tailoring electromagnetic (EM) materials for achieving high-performance EM interference (EMI) shielding is significantly imperative with increasing EM pollution worldwide. Green EMI shielding materials are attracting extensive attention because of the less additional environmental hazard caused by the lower secondary reflection. However, the conflict between high efficiency and eco-friendly nature makes green EMI shielding still challenging. In this work, a new strategy of turning a guest into a host is developed for the first time, and a unique WS 2 −rGO architecture of mountain-like wall is constructed successfully achieving efficient and green EMI shielding. The shielding efficiency (SE) is over 20 dB in the investigated frequency range (2−18 GHz) and the maximum was 32 dB with an endearing green index (g s ≈ 1.0). The efficient and green EMI SE is ascribed to the multilevel structure and intrinsic dielectric properties of the WS 2 −rGO architecture, including the synergy of relaxation and conduction, multiscattering between the interface and void, and the equivalent wedge effect. These results demonstrate that the WS 2 −rGO architecture is a promising candidate in EM transducers, microwave imaging, EM protection, and energy devices.

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Background Histone acetylation is a ubiquitous and reversible post-translational modification in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that is co-regulated by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). HAT activity is important for the modification of chromatin structure in eukaryotic cells, affecting gene transcription and thereby playing a crucial regulatory role in plant development. Comprehensive analyses of HAT genes have been performed in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, barley, grapes, tomato, litchi and Zea mays, but comparable identification and analyses have not been conducted in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Results In this study, 31 TaHATs were identified and divided into six groups with conserved gene structures and motif compositions. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to predict functional similarities between Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum HAT genes. The TaHATs appeared to be regulated by cis-acting elements such as LTR and TC-rich repeats. The qRT–PCR analysis showed that the TaHATs were differentially expressed in multiple tissues. The TaHATs in expression also responded to temperature changes, and were all significantly upregulated after being infected by barley streak mosaic virus (BSMV), Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) and wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). Conclusions These results suggest that TaHATs may have specific roles in the response to viral infection and provide a basis for further study of TaHAT functions in T. aestivum plant immunity.

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