In this topical review, we will focus our discussion on the engineering of nanogeneratorsrelated wearable bioelectronics and biodevices for diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. In the beginning, two most widely used nanogenerators, piezoelectric nanogenerator and triboelectric nanogenerator will be introduced, with a brief discussion of other power harvesting technologies. Subsequently, the design, fabrication and application guidelines for various nanogenerators will be presented and such information will allow one to conveniently engineer wearable, portable or implantable nanogenerator-based devices for specific detection or biomolecules delivery applications. In the third part of the review, we will discuss an array of examples of using different designed nanogenerators-related electronics and devices for pressure sensing, bio-sensing, motion monitoring, electrical treatment, cell/tissue/organ stimulation and drug delivery. Lastly, perspectives and challenges in further studies will be discussed.
A label-free, cost-effective fiber optic biosensor (FOB) using electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) technology is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The FOB was constructed by sandwiching a thin-core single-mode fiber (TCSMF) between two single-mode fibers (SMFs). Firstly, we simulated the refractive index (RI) sensitivity of this fiber structure, and validated it using different concentrations of glycerol solutions. Then the diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) and styrenesulfonate sodium salt (PSS) were employed as polyelectrolyte self-assembled multilayers (PSAMs) deposition for surface functionalization of the fiber. We selected biotin-streptavidin as a bioconjugate pair for testing the effectiveness of the biosensor, and achieved a streptavidin detection limit of 0.02 nM. The specificity was further verified by a comparison experiment conducted using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and gelatin. These results demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor for use in biological and chemical applications.
We proposed and numerically investigated an analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) all-dielectric metasurface that features one asymmetric S-shaped silicon resonator in the unit cell and generates high transparency, high Q-factor resonance in the near infrared spectral region. Breaking the symmetry of the S-shaped structure could provide a pathway to excite a trapped magnetic mode that coupled to a bright electric dipolar moment, achieving a sharp EIT-like response. And the Q value of the resonance can be easily modified by altering the asymmetric degree of the structure. In particular, the transparency window will almost maintain its symmetric shape and high transmission of 97%, but shift accordingly as the structural parameters (silicon bar's length, width, or thickness) vary in a large range, because of the very small detuning between the two coupled modes. The proposed S-shaped all-dielectric metasurface could ease fabrication challenges and have potential applications in biochemical sensing, narrowband filters, optical modulations, and slow light devices.
In this paper, a terahertz (THz) biosensor based on all-metal metamaterial is theoretically investigated and experimentally verified. This THz metamaterial biosensor uses stainless steel materials that are manufactured via laser-drilling technology. The simulation results show that the maximum refractive index sensitivity and the figure of merit of this metamaterial sensor are 294.95 GHz/RIU and 4.03, respectively. Then, bovine serum albumin was chosen as the detection substance to assess this biosensor’s effectiveness. The experiment results show that the detection sensitivity is 72.81 GHz/(ng/mm2) and the limit of detection is 0.035 mg/mL. This THz metamaterial biosensor is simple, cost-effective, easy to fabricate, and has great potential in various biosensing applications.
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