The modification of wood cell walls is based on the characteristics of the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall. Various physical and chemical modifications to these characteristics enhance the original properties of the cell wall and give additional functionality. Through complex modification, wood has also obtained the opportunity to become a multifunctional material. Scholars have paid more attention to the microscopic properties of the cell wall with continuous enrichment of modification methods and improvement of modification mechanisms. This article summarizes the methods of cell wall modification in recent years and proposes prospects for future development: (1) innovation of modifiers and combination with modification mechanism, as well as improvement of cell wall permeability; (2) the application directions of cell wall structures; and (3) the application of nano-technologies in cell wall modification. This review provides further ideas and technologies for wood modifications.
Moisture transfer influences wood deformation and moisture content (MC) distribution during conventional drying of Eucalyptus urophylla wood. This study aims to investigate the effect of sample length (30, 100, and 200 mm) on moisture distribution and transfer in different directions and locations and on deformation of wood. The results showed that when the MC was above the fiber saturated point (FSP), the drying rate decreases exponentially with an increase of sample length; however, below the FSP, there was no obvious relationship between the drying rate and sample length and above the FSP, the moisture distribution was non-uniform along tangential, radial, and longitudinal directions and became even below the FSP, which was more significant in the middle location of wood. The greatest MC differences occurred between the surface and sub-central layers along the tangential and radial direction, which were between the end and sub-middle locations along the longitudinal direction. The effect of sample length on the MC distribution and MC differences along wood in the three directions depended on locations and the MC stage of wood; most of the free water and bound water transferred from the wood central to the ends along the longitudinal direction for three sets of samples. Bound water diffusion significantly slowed as the sample length exceeded 200 mm; sample length affects wood collapse and its recovery, but the drying rate has a lesser effect on collapse for samples with a length below 200 mm.
Aleurone represents a fraction of the outer endosperm in wheat kernels composed of a single-cell layer containing a variety of nutrients, including dietary fibre (mainly arabinoxylan, β-glucan, and cellulose), proteins, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants (ferulic acid). In this study, aleurone-rich fraction (0%-100%) was added to wheat flour to examine the microstructure of the bread and the crystal structure of the starch after the addition using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The maximum in vitro hydrolysis rate of bread with 10%-100% aleurone-rich fraction addition ranged from 35.69% to 65.93%, which was significantly lower than that of white bread (68.76%). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance revealed an increase in the amount of bound water in bread after the addition of the aleuronerich fraction. Further, bread containing the aleurone-rich fraction had a higher antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by DPPH• and •OH scavenging activity. Therefore, these results indicate that the aleurone-rich fraction may be a beneficial ingredient for the manufacture of low-calorie and high-fibre foods.
This review article discusses the use of organosilane (OS) compounds and their derivatives to modify wood materials. The emphasis in this work is on trialkoxysilanes and effects of their reactions with hydroxyl groups at wood surfaces. The versatile properties of OS make them ideal for improving the water resistance, weather resistance, antibacterial properties, and dimensional stability of wood. This article provides an overview of recent techniques and methods used to modify wood substrates with OS, highlighting the main findings and advancements in the field. Additionally, the article suggests future research directions, including innovative modification mechanisms, strategies to control the pollution caused by biomaterial-based silanes, and the investigation of the influence of wood permeability on silane modification.
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