Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as a promising candidate for large-scale renewable energy storage system. Layered manganese oxide cathode possesses the advantages of high energy density, low cost and natural abundance while suffering from limited cycling life and poor rate capacity. To overcome these weaknesses, layer-tunnel hybrid material was developed and served as the cathode of SIB, which integrated high capacity, superior cycle ability, and rate performance. In the current work, the doping of copper was adopted to suppress the Jahn-Teller effect of Mn and to affect relevant structural parameters. Multifunctions of the Cu doping were carefully investigated. It was found that the structure component ratio is varied with the Cu doping amount. Results demonstrated that Na/vacancy rearrangement and phase transitions were suppressed during cycling without sacrificing the reversible capacity and enhanced electrochemical performances evidenced with 96 mA h g retained after 250 cycles at 4 C and 85 mA h g at 8 C. Furthermore, ex situ X-ray diffraction has demonstrated high reversibility of the NaMnCuO cathode during Na extraction/insertion processes and superior air stability that results in better storage properties. This study reveals that the Cu doping could be an effective strategy to tune the properties and related performances of Mn-based layer-tunnel hybrid cathode.
BackgroundResearch in Taiwan has indicated that advance care planning is rarely undertaken in long-term care facilities. The purpose of this study was to develop an advance care planning interview guideline and care model to facilitate the process of advance care planning for residents and their families in long-term care facilities.MethodsThis study follows an action research design. Cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection were planned and modified based on the results of interviews with residents and their families as well as meetings with staff. To establish the interview guideline and care model through this action research study, residents and their families were interviewed separately. The researcher subsequently held meetings with staff members to evaluate the results and identify problems during each advance care planning process. This information was synthesised and used to modify the care model for implementation with the next resident–family pair. This process was performed a total of ten times.ResultsThis study included residents (N = 10), their families (N = 20), and medical staff (N = 4) at a long-term care facility. The interviews and meetings were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to a simple thematic analysis together with the field notes and reflection logs. Four themes emerged from the data related to: opening the conversation with the interview guidelines about the life story of residents; continuing life stories to the quality of remaining years of the residents; gradually changing the topic to the end-of-life care issues; and concluding the conversation by explaining the content of advance directives and hospice care.ConclusionsThe advance care planning care model was implemented following logical thinking from a Chinese perspective. This consisted of opening, developing, changing, and concluding through the views of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The research findings indicate that the model successfully facilitated the process of advance care planning for residents and their families.
Zr4+ could fulfill an equal-tendency doping in layer-tunnel hybrid composite. The Na0.6Mn0.98Zr0.02O2 delivered a high capacity of 81 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1 with 75% retention after 1000 cycles.
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