A procedure is introduced to obtain the balance of measurements of differential group delays and differential carrier phase lead characteristics, both phenomena being due to the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along the ray path from a Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite. It has been demonstrated that utilizing the measurement of both pseudorange and carrier phase recorded by genetic GPS receivers, the precision of the vertical TEC derived when the anti-spoofing (AS) is on can be as good as that derived when it is off. Combining the data of a network of four GPS receivers, a TEC map is reconstructed which can be employed to examine the ionospheric latitude/longitude structure and dynamics in the Taiwan area.
A network of five ground-based receivers of the global positioning system (GPS) was use to detect seismo-ionospheric disturbances in the total electron content (TEC) triggered by the 13 January 2001 El Salvador M w 7.6 earthquake. We apply least square fitted analysis as well as beam forming and ray tracing methods to analyze the GPS TECs. Results show that the average speeds of the seismo-ionospheric disturbances traveling in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere lie between 360 and 570 m s 1 − , and the disturbance origins on the ground derived by the two methods are near the epicenter reported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
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