Designed sockets prepared on the mandibles of nine Beagle dogs were divided into three groups: Calcitriol +Alloplast, Alloplast and Empty. Five of the nine dogs received Vit.D3 and calcium supplement (Vit.D/Ca group), while the other four dogs without supplements were assigned to Non-Vit.D/Ca group. After 4 weeks, the extent of vertical ridge resorption (VRR), bone density (density), new bone formation (NBF) and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were measured. Following systemic Vit.D/Ca administration, the Empty subgroup showed significant differences from the Calcitriol + Alloplast subgroup on variants NBF/Density/VRR and the Alloplast subgroup on items NBF/Density/ISQ/VRR. Alternatively, the Calcitriol + Alloplast subgroup revealed higher values of NBF/Density/ISQ (P < 0.001) and a lower VRR value (P = 0.001) than the Alloplast subgroup. Although there were no significant differences in NBF (P = 0.349), density (P = 0.796), ISQ (P = 0.577) and VRR (0.979) comparisons on alloplast treatment between the Vit.D/Ca and Non-Vit.D/Ca groups, local application with Calcitriol + Alloplast demonstrated better NBF/Density/ISQ (P = 0.02 to <0.001) effects than which of Alloplast subgroups. Consequently, the results showed that both systemic and local vitamin D3 treatment might accelerate bone regeneration in dogs. Within the using dose, systemic vitamin D3 treatment displayed a superior stimulating effect than local vitamin D3 application did.
Background Alveolar bone and cementum share many biological and developmental similarities. The mineralizing effect of calcitriol has been previously reported. Yet, its cemento‐inductivity has not been confirmed. This study evaluated the potential cemento‐inductivity effect of calcitriol and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on human periodontal ligament‐derived cells (hPDLCs). Methods The hPDLCs obtained from extracted third molars or premolars were cultured with calcitriol, or EMD. Cementogenic gene expression was examined using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression analysis also included cementoblast‐specific markers, cementum protein 1 (CEMP1), cementum attachment protein (CAP), and recently reported cementoblast‐enriched genes, secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1), and Dickkopf‐related protein 1 (DKK1). Mineralization capacities were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red, and Von Kossa staining followed by scanning electron microscope imaging and element mapping. Results Among tested conditions, 10 nM calcitriol enhanced most cementogenic gene expression, transforming growth factor‐β1, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP‐2 and BMP‐4), core‐binding factor subunit alpha‐1/Runt‐related transcription factor 2, Type I collagen, ALP, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin), osteocalcin, CEMP1, and CAP, and Wnt signaling negative modulators, SFRP1 and DKK1, along with highest ALP activity and mineralization formation in hPDLCs. However, only moderate CEMP1 protein was observed. In contrast, EMD stimulated stronger CEMP1 and CAP protein, but presented weaker mineralization capacity, hinting at the possibility that strong stimulation of mineralization might dominate cemetogenic specific factors and vice versa. Conclusions Calcitriol demonstrated not only great osteoinductivity, but also the potential to induce cementogenic gene expression by initiating hPDLC differentiation and promoting mineralization. Compared with calcitriol, EMD promoted cemento‐inductivity in hPDLCs at a later time point via highly expressed CEMP1 and CAP protein, but with less mineralization. Thus, calcitriol and EMD could provide differential enhancement of cemento‐induction and mineralization, likely acting at various differentiation stages.
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