Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids, such as water− alcohol solutions, results in cavitation or the formation of small bubbles. Cavitation bubbles are generated in real solutions without the use of optical traps making our system as close to real conditions as possible. Under the action of the ultrasound, bubbles can grow, oscillate, and eventually collapse or decompose. We apply the mathematical method of separation of motions to interpret the acoustic effect on the bubbles. While in most situations, the spherical shape of a bubble is the most energetically profitable as it minimizes the surface energy, when the acoustic frequency is in resonance with the natural frequency of the bubble, shapes with the dihedral symmetry emerge. Some of these resonance shapes turn unstable, so the bubble decomposes. It turns out that bubbles in the solutions of different concentrations (with different surface energies and densities) attain different evolution paths. While it is difficult to obtain a deterministic description of how the solution concentration affects bubble dynamics, it is possible to separate images with different concentrations by applying the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. An ANN was trained to detect the concentration of alcohol in a water solution based on the bubble images. This indicates that artificial intelligence (AI) methods can complement deterministic analysis in nonequilibrium, near-unstable situations.

This review discusses three types of soft matter and liquid molecular materials, namely hydrogels, liquid crystals and gas bubbles in liquids, which are explored with an emergent machine learning approach....

In this paper, we introduce a novel encapsulation system for DNA oligonucleotides. Supramolecular assembly of melamine cyanurate encapsulates DNA at pH 7 and start to release it at pH less than 6.5. We study the assembly and disassembly in time in specially designed reaction-diffusion system. Magnesium ions allow spatial separation of DNA with the highest DNA concentration in the core of melamine cyanurate capsule. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation shows that DNA acts as a nucleation centre for melamine cyanurate. Dataset of fluorescent images analysed by machine learning algorithms indicates correlation between structure of melamine cyanurate capsules for DNA trapping and concentration of magnesium ions. The concentration of magnesium ions can be recognized with 96% accuracy proving that all environmental conditions are extremely important during the self-assembly and should be considered for laboratory and industrial applications of the suggested approach. Moreover, the This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.