Odorant receptors (ORs) in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) mediate detection of volatile odorants. Divalent sulfur compounds, such as thiols and thioethers, are extremely potent odorants. We identify a mouse OR, MOR244-3, robustly responding to (methylthio)methanethiol (MeSCH 2 SH; MTMT) in heterologous cells. Found specifically in male mouse urine, strong-smelling MTMT [human threshold 100 parts per billion (ppb)] is a semiochemical that attracts female mice. Nonadjacent thiol and thioether groups in MTMT suggest involvement of a chelated metal complex in MOR244-3 activation. Metal ion involvement in thiol-OR interactions was previously proposed, but whether these ions change thiol-mediated OR activation remained unknown. We show that copper ion among all metal ions tested is required for robust activation of MOR244-3 toward ppb levels of MTMT, structurally related sulfur compounds, and other metal-coordinating odorants (e.g., strong-smelling transcyclooctene) among >125 compounds tested. Copper chelator (tetraethylenepentamine, TEPA) addition abolishes the response of MOR244-3 to MTMT. Histidine 105, located in the third transmembrane domain near the extracellular side, is proposed to serve as a copper-coordinating residue mediating interaction with the MTMTcopper complex. Electrophysiological recordings of the OSNs in the septal organ, abundantly expressing MOR244-3, revealed neurons responding to MTMT. Addition of copper ion and chelator TEPA respectively enhanced and reduced the response of some MTMTresponding neurons, demonstrating the physiological relevance of copper ion in olfaction. In a behavioral context, an olfactory discrimination assay showed that mice injected with TEPA failed to discriminate MTMT. This report establishes the role of metal ions in mammalian odor detection by ORs.

Mechanosensitive cells are essential for organisms to sense the external and internal environments, and a variety of molecules have been implicated as mechanical sensors. Here we report that odorant receptors (ORs), a large family of G protein-coupled receptors, underlie the responses to both chemical and mechanical stimuli in mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Genetic ablation of key signaling proteins in odor transduction or disruption of OR-G protein coupling eliminates mechanical responses. Curiously, OSNs expressing different OR types display significantly different responses to mechanical stimuli. Genetic swap of putatively mechanosensitive ORs abolishes or reduces mechanical responses of OSNs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of an OR restores mechanosensitivity in loss-of-function OSNs. Lastly, heterologous expression of an OR confers mechanosensitivity to its host cells. These results indicate that certain ORs are both necessary and sufficient to cause mechanical responses, revealing a previously unidentified mechanism for mechanotransduction. , but our understanding of the mechanical sensors is still limited. We previously discovered that some OSNs in the mammalian nose responded to mechanical stimulation (4), a feature that may allow the nose to carry an afferent signal of breathing to the brain and facilitate binding of orofacial sensation (5). In the current study, we aim to identify the mechanical sensor(s) and mechanotransduction pathway in OSNs.In mammals, smell perception depends on a large family of ORs expressed in OSNs. Out of a repertoire of >1,000 ORs (6, 7), each OSN expresses a single type, which determines its response profile and central target in the brain. Binding of odorant molecules with specific ORs activates the olfactory G protein G olf , which in turn activates type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII). ACIII activation causes increased production of cAMP, which opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (CNG) channel. The inward current via the CNG channel is further amplified by Cl − outflow through a calcium-activated Cl − channel. This transduction cascade leads to depolarization of OSNs, which fire action potentials carrying the odor information to the brain (8). OSNs expressing the same OR are scattered in one of the few broadly defined zones in the olfactory epithelium, but their axons typically converge onto a pair of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (9).Here we report that disruption of the olfactory signal transduction cascade completely eliminates mechanical responses in OSNs. OSNs expressing different receptor types display differential responses to mechanical stimuli. For instance, I7, M71, and SR1 neurons have much stronger mechanical responses than MOR23 and mOR-EG neurons. Loss-of-function mutation of the I7 receptor, genetic switch of the M71 receptor, or ablation of the SR1 receptor, abolishes or dramatically reduces mechanical responses in the host OSNs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the I7 receptor restores mechanosensitivity in loss-of-function mutant I7 cells. ...

Connelly T, Savigner A, Ma M. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in mouse olfactory sensory neurons with defined odorant receptors. J Neurophysiol 110: 55-62, 2013. First published April 17, 2013 doi:10.1152/jn.00910.2012.-Sensory systems need to tease out stimulation-evoked activity against a noisy background. In the olfactory system, the odor response profile of an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is dependent on the type of odorant receptor it expresses. OSNs also exhibit spontaneous activity, which plays a role in establishing proper synaptic connections and may also increase the sensitivity of the cells. However, where the spontaneous activity originates and whether it informs sensory-evoked activity remain unclear. We addressed these questions by examining patch-clamp recordings of genetically labeled mouse OSNs with defined odorant receptors in intact olfactory epithelia. We show that OSNs expressing different odorant receptors had significantly different rates of basal activity. Additionally, OSNs expressing an inactive mutant I7 receptor completely lacked spontaneous activity, despite being able to fire action potentials in response to current injection. This finding strongly suggests that the spontaneous firing of an OSN originates from the spontaneous activation of its G protein-coupled odorant receptor. Moreover, OSNs expressing the same receptor displayed considerable variation in their spontaneous activity, and the variation was broadened upon odor stimulation. Interestingly, there is no significant correlation between the spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in these neurons. This study reveals that the odorant receptor type determines the spontaneous firing rate of OSNs, but the basal activity does not correlate with the activity induced by near-saturated odor stimulation. The implications of these findings on olfactory information processing are discussed.

Summary In many sensory organs, specialized receptors are strategically arranged to enhance detection sensitivity and acuity. It is unclear whether the olfactory system utilizes a similar organizational scheme to facilitate odor detection. Curiously, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the mouse nose are differentially stimulated depending on the cell location. We therefore asked whether OSNs in different locations evolve unique structural and/or functional features to optimize odor detection and discrimination. Using immunohistochemistry, computational fluid dynamics modeling, and patch clamp recording, we discovered that OSNs situated in highly stimulated regions have much longer cilia and are more sensitive to odorants than those in weakly stimulated regions. Surprisingly, reduction in neuronal excitability or ablation of the olfactory G protein in OSNs does not alter the cilia length pattern, indicating that neither spontaneous nor odor-evoked activity is required for its establishment. Furthermore, the pattern is evident at birth, maintained into adulthood, and restored following pharmacologically induced degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, suggesting that it is intrinsically programmed. Intriguingly, type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), a key protein in olfactory signal transduction and ubiquitous marker for primary cilia, exhibits location-dependent gene expression levels, and genetic ablation of ACIII dramatically alters the cilia pattern. These findings reveal an intrinsically programmed configuration in the nose to ensure high sensitivity to odors.

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45CaZ' fluxes and planar bilayer recordings indicated that the fatty acid metabolite palmitoyl coenzyme A, but not free coenzyme A or palmitic acid, stimulated the cardiac ryanodine receptor channel of pig heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Palmitoyl CoA reactivated channels inhibited by concentrations of cytoplasmic free Mg2+ in the physiological range. Reactivation by palmitoyl CoA in the presence of Me was stimulated by myoplasmic free Ca" in the micromolar range. Acyl coenzyme A derivatives may be utilized by cardiac muscle cells to compensate for the severe Mg*+ inhibition of ryanodine receptors which would otherwise leave Ca*' stores unresponsive to Ca" and to other cytosohc ligands involved in signal transduction.

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