The development and application of modern technology are an essential basis for the efficient monitoring of species in natural habitats to assess the change of ecosystems, species communities and populations, and in order to understand important drivers of change. For estimating wildlife abundance, camera trapping in combination with three-dimensional (3D) measurements of habitats is highly valuable. Additionally, 3D information improves the accuracy of wildlife detection using camera trapping. This study presents a novel approach to 3D camera trapping featuring highly optimized hardware and software. This approach employs stereo vision to infer the 3D information of natural habitats and is designated as StereO CameRA Trap for monitoring of biodivErSity (SOCRATES). A comprehensive evaluation of SOCRATES shows not only a 3.23% improvement in animal detection (bounding box mAP75), but also its superior applicability for estimating animal abundance using camera trap distance sampling. The software and documentation of SOCRATES is openly provided.
The ongoing biodiversity crysis calls for accurate estimation of animal density and abundance to identify, for example, sources of biodiversity decline and effectiveness of conservation interventions. Camera traps together with abundance estimation methods are often employed for this purpose. The necessary distances between camera and observed animal are traditionally derived in a laborious, fully manual or semi-automatic process. Both approaches require reference image material, which is both difficult to acquire and not available for existing datasets. In this study, we propose a fully automatic approach to estimate camera-to-animal distances, based on monocular depth estimation (MDE), and without the need of reference image material. We leverage stateof-the-art relative MDE and a novel alignment procedure to estimate metric distances. We evaluate the approach on a zoo scenario dataset unseen during training. We achieve a mean absolute distance estimation error of only 0.9864 meters at a precision of 90.3% and recall of 63.8%, while completely eliminating the previously required manual effort for biodiversity researchers. The code will be made available.
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