This article presents qualitative research in flood risk areas of England that suggests that
BackgroundSmartphones are ideal for promoting physical activity in those with little intrinsic motivation for exercise. This study tested three hypotheses: H1 – receipt of social feedback generates higher step-counts than receipt of no feedback; H2 – receipt of social feedback generates higher step-counts than only receiving feedback on one’s own walking; H3 – receipt of feedback on one’s own walking generates higher step-counts than no feedback (H3).MethodsA parallel group randomised controlled trial measured the impact of feedback on steps-counts. Healthy male participants (n = 165) aged 18–40 were given phones pre-installed with an app that recorded steps continuously, without the need for user activation. Participants carried these with them as their main phones for a two-week run-in and six-week trial. Randomisation was to three groups: no feedback (control); personal feedback on step-counts; group feedback comparing step-counts against those taken by others in their group. The primary outcome measure, steps per day, was assessed using longitudinal multilevel regression analysis. Control variables included attitude to physical activity and perceived barriers to physical activity.ResultsFifty-five participants were allocated to each group; 152 completed the study and were included in the analysis: n = 49, no feedback; n = 53, individual feedback; n = 50, individual and social feedback. The study provided support for H1 and H3 but not H2. Receipt of either form of feedback explained 7.7 % of between-subject variability in step-count (F = 6.626, p < 0.0005). Compared to the control, the expected step-count for the individual feedback group was 60 % higher (effect on log step-count = 0.474, 95 % CI = 0.166–0.782) and that for the social feedback group, 69 % higher (effect on log step-count = 0.526, 95 % CI = 0.212–0.840). The difference between the two feedback groups (individual vs social feedback) was not statistically significant.ConclusionsAlways-on smartphone apps that provide step-counts can increase physical activity in young to early-middle-aged men but the provision of social feedback has no apparent incremental impact. This approach may be particularly suitable for inactive people with low levels of physical activity; it should now be tested with this population.
Abstract. This multidisciplinary paper reports on a large-scale field trial, designed and implemented by a group of social scientists, computer scientists and statisticians, of a new smartphone-based app for the promotion of walking in everyday life. The app, bActive, is designed for a more diverse range of users than the typical active-lifestyle app, since it requires neither additional equipment nor a great deal of commitment to exercise. As a result, it can raise awareness of walking and promote walking amongst those with only a casual or hesitant engagement with the topic. The 6-week randomised controlled trial with 22-40 year-old male participants (N=152) indicates that bActive prompted users to increase the amount of walking they did by encouraging them to value and increase walking that is incidental to normal everyday activities. Longitudinal data analysis showed that use of the app increased walking by an average of 64% but did not find any evidence to suggest that the inclusion of comparative social feedback improves the impact of such apps on male participants.
Harries, Tim (2012) The anticipated emotional consequences of adaptive 1 behaviour -impacts on the take-up of household flood-protection protective only by the state but also by individual citizens (Defra, 2005;Johnson and Priest, 2008; 27 Socher and Böhme-Korn, 2008 that it include the promotion of property-level measures as part of an "integrated portfolio of 33 approaches" to flood risk (Defra, 2005, p.8) and influential independent commentators were 34 encouraging a similar approach (e.g. Pitt, 2008). 35This change of policy direction reflects a more general trend toward the responsibilisation of over the next seventy years (Evans et al, 2004a; 2004b literature (Grothmann and Reusswig, 2006;Kates, 1976;Kunreuther and Slovic, 1986; 138 Laska, 1990;O'Riordan, 1986;Siegrist and Gutscher, 2008;Weinstein, 1989;White, 1973; 139 7 Whitmarsh, 2008) but the factors mediating this influence are rarely explained. This paper more immediate and certain than the potential benefits of action, the former tend to be given 178 more weight than the latter. 179The third category of beliefs, perceived self-efficacy, is frequently referred to as a critical 180 element in the determination of behaviours such as risk response (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; 181 Bandura, 1982;Lazarus, 1966;Morton et al, in press;Witte and Allen, 2000 behaviour by presenting secondary analysis of data generated in a telephone survey. This Respondents were also asked about their awareness, knowledge and experience of protection As is often the case in secondary analysis, the fit between the data and the analysis suffers 236 from a few imperfections. Principle among these is the uneven distribution of the belief 237 variables between the four categories outlined in the model; with only one, for example, 238indicating beliefs about self-efficacy. 239The sample frame for the survey comprised home telephone numbers for postcodes from 240 across England that had a greater than 80% concentration of properties in high-risk areas - Households were telephoned on week-days between 9am and 7pm. Of the 6,000 numbers 245 called, 3,000 households did not respond and a further 1,000 were excluded from 246 participation when people claimed not to be aware that they lived in a flood risk area. A total 247 of 555 of the remaining 2,000 agreed to take part in the survey -representing an interview 248 completion rate of 28%. 249Of the final sample, a quarter had experienced the ingress of floodwater into their homes and 250 just under 10% had taken property-level protection measures. 260The comparison of the survey dataset with these other populations revealed that the sample 261 differed in a number of ways from the comparator datasets ( The subsequent statistical analysis of the survey data was conducted in three stages (see Table 2 shows the results of the first stage of the analysis, which are summarised in Figure 6 suggests an association between protection and increased anxiety. This would suggest that 340 protective action increases concern...
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