Epidemiologic study, level III.

No abstract

By minimizing the volume of reconstituted LP and optimizing its anti-inflammatory properties, an LP resuscitation fluid may be created to provide effective hemostatic resuscitation with superior logistical properties.

Systematic review, level III.

Concentrations of AA were well tolerated and did not diminish the procoagulant activity of LP. Within our tested range of concentrations, AA can safely be used to buffer LP.

Resuscitation using low-volume LP-SW and LP-LR buffered with ascorbic acid confers an anti-inflammatory benefit and results in less blood loss. Sterile water is a safe, cost-effective, and universally available fluid for creating a low-volume hemostatic LP resuscitation solution.

Therapeutic study, level IV; epidemiologic study, level III.

Resuscitation with 50%LP fluid was well tolerated and equally effective compared with 100%LP, with respect to physiologic and hemostatic properties. The smaller volume of fluid necessary to reconstitute hypertonic LP makes it logistically superior to 100%LP for first responders and may reduce adverse effects of large-volume resuscitation.