The temporal coding assumption is that time of presentation is coded more accurately for auditory events than for visual events. This assumption has been used to explain the modality effect, in which recall of recent auditory events is superior to recall of recent visual events. We tested the temporal coding assumption by examining the coding and reproduction of quintessentially temporal stimuli-rhythms. The rhythms were produced by sequences of short and long auditory stimuli or short and long visual stimuli; in either case, the task was to reproduce the temporal sequence. The results from four experiments demonstrated reproduction of auditory rhythms superior to that of visual rhythms. We conclude that speech-based explanations of modality effects cannot accommodate these findings, whereas the findings are consistent with explanations based on the temporal coding assumption.In classic information processing models of memory (e.g., Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968), the input modality of information plays little role after the information is coded in short-term store. In fact, early work on the modality effect (e.g., Crowder & Morton, 1969) seemed to confirm this limited role: Auditory information is recalled better than is visual information, but only at the end of a list of items, supposedly indicating recall from a sensory memory or a short-term memory. In the intervening years, we have found, however, that modality plays a role throughout the cognitive system. For example, J. M. Gardiner and Gregg (1979) have demonstrated longlasting modality effects that are robust in the face of interference. Glenberg and Fernandez (1988) reported modality effects in position judgments and in frequency estimations. In this article, we report a new type of modality effect, one that offers support for a general interpretation of modality effects in memory. The new effect is that the coding and reproduction of rhythmic stimuli are more accurate for auditory rhythms than for visual rhythms. This supports the interpretation that modality effects reflect the fact that coding of temporal information for auditory events is superior to that for visual events. Glenberg and Swanson (1986) proposed an account of modality effects based on what we will call the temporal codingassumption: Coding of time of presentation is more accurate for auditory events than for visual events. Evidence for this claim can be found in a variety of paradigms using a variety of manipulations. For example, Metcalfe, This research was funded by National Science Foundation Grant BNS 8416300 and University of Wisconsin Graduate School Grant 890200 awarded to Arthur Glenberg. We thank Michael Davis, Lisa Knudson, Nancy Lightfoot, and Rebecca Mauer for their help in designing these experiments. Requests for reprints may be sent to Arthur G1enberg, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. 373Glavanov, and Murdock (1981) presented stimuli in different spatial locations. Auditory stimuli were recalled better than were visual stimuli when reca...

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The limits to linear models of production based on material extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal are becoming increasingly apparent across the global economy. The Circular Economy (CE) describes an alternative to this problematic “take-make-waste” linear model that is concerned with resource efficiency and waste minimization. The construction and demolition sector represents an important focus for a CE transition due to its significant environmental impact. The use of thermal insulation to reduce energy demand associated with heating and cooling in buildings is vital for reducing the sector’s high environmental impact; however, there are significant challenges to recycling thermal insulation materials (IM). This study examines these challenges in the context of Switzerland and evaluates the potential for more circular management of expanded polystyrene and stonewool IM. The research provides an original analysis of the Swiss IM value chain in the context of the CE agenda based on a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and a workshop. Research gaps are highlighted based on scientific literature. The roles and agency of actors involved in the Swiss IM value chain are examined. Enablers of and barriers to wider IM recycling as reported by workshop participants are outlined. Interventions for tackling the current challenges faced for the recycling of thermal IM are suggested. Finally, an agenda for future research is proposed. Throughout the discussion, the importance of the involvement, commitment, and collaboration of stakeholders across the entire IM value chain for an effective and expedient transition to a CE is highlighted.

A fibre optic-based relative humidity (RH)