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Numerous cellular processes, including enzyme behaviour, signalling, and protein folding and transport are highly influenced by the local microviscosity environment within living cells. Molecular rotors are fluorescent molecules that respond to the viscosity of their environment through changes in both the intensity and lifetime of their fluorescence. We have synthesised a novel boron-dipyrrin (BODIPY) molecular rotor that is also a substrate for the SNAP-tag targeting system (named BG-BODIPY), allowing us to target the rotor to discrete locations within the living cell. We demonstrate that BG-BODIPY reports viscosity, and that this can be measured either through fluorescence lifetime or intensity ratiometric measurements. The relative microviscosities within the ER, Golgi, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomes, lysosomes, cytoplasm, and nucleoplasm were significantly different. Additionally, this approach permitted fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to determine the absolute viscosity within both mitochondria and stress granules, showcasing BG-BODIPY's usefulness in studying both membrane bound and membraneless organelles. These results highlight targeted BG-BODIPY's broad usefulness for making measurements of cellular viscosity both with FLIM and conventional confocal microscopy, the latter option greatly extending the accessibility of the technique.

Muricidal behavior, irritability to handling, open-field activity, passive-avoidance learning, and weight change were measured in Long-Evans hooded rats after they had been subjected to olfactory bulb removal, cuts of the vomeronasal nerves, lateral olfactory bulb damage, or control operations. Bulbectomized animals displayed increases in irritability to handling, enhanced horizontal activity in the open field, and a deficit in passive-avoidance learning. Animals with lateral olfactory bulb lesions showed an increase in muricidal behavior. Although there were significant intragroup postoperative weight losses, there were no significant differences between groups. Damage to the vomeronasal system alone was not involved in any of the measured behaviors. Many studies have demonstrated that complete removal of the olfactory bulbs (OB) in rats results in a variety of behavioral changes, including increases in mouse killing