Abstract. Karenina T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropods inhabiting rice of refuge habitats and synthetic insecticide application in freshwater swamps in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2375-2387. Rice cultivation in freshwater swamps in Indonesia is specific, among other things, there is no synthetic pesticide spraying and vegetable growing on rice field embankments. This specific cultivation technique can affect the abundance and diversity of rice-dwelling arthropods species. The study aimed to compare the abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropods inhabiting rice surrounded both by refugia and vegetables and by those being applied with synthetic insecticide in the rice field of freshwater swamps. This study used rice plots surrounded by refugia flower (Zinnia sp., Tagetes erecta, Cosmo caudatus, and Sesamum indicum); vegetables (Cucumis sativus, Vigna sinensis, Luffa acutangula, and Momordica charantia); untreated; and synthetic insecticide. Twenty-five herbivore species of 12 families, 34 spider species of 8 families, and 24 species of predatory insects of 12 families were found on rice during a planting season. The lowest herbivore population and spider abundance were found on synthetic insecticide sprayed rice and they were significantly different from those of refugia-rice plots. The most abundant spiders and predatory insects were found on rice surrounded by refugia and were not significantly different from those of rice surrounded by vegetables. The highest species diversity for spiders and predatory insects was found on rice surrounded by refugia, whereas the lowest species diversity was found on synthetic pesticide sprayed rice. Therefore, rice surrounded by refugia flowers and vegetables was the most appropriate for habitat and niche of predatory arthropods.

Abstract. Hanif KI, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y, Prabawati G, Hasbi, Karenina T. 2020. The impact of bioinsecticide overdoses of Beauveria bassiana on species diversity and abundance of not targeted arthropods in South Sumatra (Indonesia) freshwater swamp paddy. Biodiversitas 21: 2124-2136. Bioinsecticides have been shown to reduce insect pest populations, but it is necessary to monitor the effect of bioinsecticide overdoses on non-target arthropods because they are abundant in rice fields. This study aimed to analyze the impact of bioinsecticide overdoses of B. bassiana on species diversity and abundance of non-target arthropods. Bioinsecticides derived from Beauveria bassiana were sprayed on the paddy every two weeks until the ripening stage, at a dose of 1, 2, 3, 4 L.ha-1, control (without insecticide), and abamectin as prescribed. The abundance of spiders and predatory arthropods did not decrease when bioinsecticides were applied but the abundance of spiders, especially Lycosidae and Salticidae dropped significantly when abamectin was applied. The abundance of the parasitoid decreased significantly when abamectin was applied, but the abundance of parasitoids applied by bioinsecticide was not significantly different from those of control. The abundance of insect pests started to decrease when bioinsecticide was applied to 2, 3 or 4 L.ha-1. The diversity species of non-target arthropods (spiders, predatory arthropods, and parasitoids) tended to decrease when it was applied bioinsecticides 3 and 4 L.ha-1 or abamectin, but their abundance remained high and no species dominance was found. For this reason, the correct dosage for suppressing insect pests abundance by not decreasing the abundance and diversity of non-target species is 2 L.ha-1 and applied when herbivore abundance is high.

The plants surrounding rice field serve as a habitat and niche for entomophagous arthropods. This study aimed to identify the entomophagous arthropod species and to analyze their abundance and community in vegetables and refugia grown in the rice field. The field was surrounded by 4 species of refugia (Zinnia sp., Tagetes erecta, Cosmos caudatus, and Sesamum indicum) and 4 species of vegetables (Vigna unguiculata, Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, and Luffa acutangula). The arthropod found were 67 species of predatory arthropods and 22 species of parasitoids. The predatory arthropods were mostly found in rice (51 species) followed by Zinnia sp. (15 species), and M. charantia (9 species). Parasitoid species were dominantly found in rice (19 species), Zinnia sp. (7 species), and M. charantia (6 species). The predatory arthropods mostly found were Tetragnatha javana, Tetragnatha virescens, and Paederus fuscipes, while the dominant parasitoids were Cardiochiles sp., Elasmus sp., and Snellenius sp. The parasitoid species composition in rice was more similar to those in bitter melon and zinnia. The composition of predatory arthropod species in rice was similar to those in all vegetables and refugia, except in cowpea. Zinnia sp. and M. charantia were the most chosen habitat by entomophagous arthropods.

Abstract. Karenina T, Herlinda S,  Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y, Hasbi, Suparman, Lakitan B, Hamidson H, Umayah A. 2020. Community structure of arboreal and soil-dwelling arthropods in three different rice planting indexes in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4839-4849.  Differences in the index of rice planting can cause differences in the structure of the arthropod community. This study aimed to characterize the community structure of the arboreal and soil-dwelling arthropods in the three different rice planting indexes (PI) in the freshwater swamps of South Sumatra.  Sampling of the arthropods using D-vac and pitfall traps was conducted in the three different rice planting, namely one (PI-100), two (PI-200), and three (PI-300) planting indexes of the rice. The results of the study showed that the dominant predatory arthropod species in the rice fields were Pardosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnatha javana, Tetragnatha virescens, Pheropsophus occipitalis, Paederus fuscipes, and the dominant herbivorous insects were Leptocorisa acuta, Nilavarpata lugens, and Sogatella furcifera. The abundance of arboreal predatory arthropods was the highest in the PI-300 rice and the lowest in the PI-100 rice.    The abundance of soil-dwelling arthropods was the highest in the rice PI-100, and low in the rice PI-200 and PI-300, but the rice PI-100 had the highest abundance of the herbivorous insects. The rice PI-300 was the most ideal habitats to maintain the abundance and the species diversity of the arboreal predatory arthropods. Thus, the rice cultivation throughout the year was profitable in conserving and maintaining the abundance and species diversity of the predatory arthropods.

Abstract. Herlinda S, Karenina T, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Arthropods inhabiting flowering non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables planted around paddy fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3328-3339. Local farmers in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra traditionally plant adaptive flowering vegetables surrounding paddy fields and let wild flowering plants or non-crop plants grow on the embankment. This research aimed to determine the species of non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables surrounding the freshwater swamp paddy fields as habitats and niches of arthropods. This study used four species of flowering non-crop plants (Zinnia sp., Tagetes erecta, Cosmos caudatus, Sesamum indicum) and four species of vegetables (Vigna unguiculata, Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula) planted around the paddy fields. While the arthropods were collected using sweep nets. There were 24 species of predatory arthropods, three species of parasitoids, 17 species of herbivores, and nine species of neutral insects found in the non-crop plants and vegetables. The non-crop plant and vegetable species that were the most chosen by the predatory arthropods were Zinnia sp. and M. charantia, respectively. Species of the non-crop plants and vegetables chosen by the parasitoids were T. erecta and M. charantia, respectively. Those non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables were also the most chosen plants by the predatory arthropods for their habitats and niches. Therefore, for the conservation of natural enemies, it is better to use Zinnia sp., T. erecta, and M. charantia.

Abstract. Herlinda S, Prabawati G, Pujiastuti Y, Susilawati, Karenia T, Hasbi, Irsan C. 2020. Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin. Biodiversitas 21: 3755-3768. Herbivore insect population and predatory arthropods in rice field may be effected by the application entomopathogenic fungi or synthetic insecticide. The objective of this research was to analyze individual quantity of herbivore insects and predatory arthropod inhabiting freshwater swamp rice fields treated with bioinsecticides and abamectin (commercial insecticide). This research was conducted in the freshwater swamp rice field located in Village Pelabuhan Dalam, Sub District Pemulutan, District Ogan Ilir, and South Sumatra. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design consisted of four plots of treatment. The research used the bioinsecticides made from entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cordyceps military), and abamectin. Sampling to collect arthropods inhabiting rice canopy was also conducted using an entomological net in the study locations. This research found 12 families of herbivore insects with 22 species dominated by Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta and 32 species of spider belonged to eight families dominated by Tetragnatha virescens and Oxyopes matiensis. The species diversity of spider was higher in the plots of the bioinsecticide compared to that of the abamectin. Predatory insects found belonged to 14 species belonged to eight families dominated by species of Ophionea nigrofasciata, Verania discolor, and Paedorus fuscipe. The abundance of predatory insects in plots sprayed with the bioinsecticides was higher compared to that of the abamectin plot. The abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropod sprayed with bioinsecticide of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and C. militaris did not decrease, while the population of herbivore insect tended to decrease.

Abstract. Herlinda S, Tricahyati T, Irsan C, Karenina T, Hasbi, Suparman, Lakitan B, Anggraini E, Arsi. 2021. Arboreal arthropod assemblages in chili pepper with different mulches and pest managements in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3057-3066. In the center of freshwater swamps in South Sumatra, three different chili cultivation practices are generally found, namely differences in mulch and pest management that can affect arthropod assemblages. The effect of mulches and pest management on arboreal arthropod assemblages specific to chili production centers in the freshwater swamps of South Sumatra has never been investigated. This study aimed to observe arboreal arthropod assemblages in chili with different mulches and pest management. Arboreal arthropods were sampled using sweep nets in three locations with plots treated with leaf litter mulch and bioinsecticide, plastic mulch and synthetic insecticide, and weedy plot without mulch with synthetic insecticide. The species number of arboreal arthropods found was 28 species of Arachnids and 23 species of Insects, and consisting of 6 families of the Arachnids and 25 families of Insects. The abundance of arboreal arthropods was 65.60 individuals/5 nets per observation. In the chili field without mulch but with the insecticide, the species biodiversity and abundance of arboreal predatory arthropods were the highest. In contrast, in the chili field, that applied with synthetic insecticides and plastic mulch, the abundance of arboreal predatory arthropods was the lowest. The herbivorous insect populations in chili with plastic mulch and synthetic insecticides and the chili with the leaf litter mulch were higher than those in the chili without mulch. In the chili with the leaf litter mulch and bioinsecticide, the species number and abundance of the spiders were the highest compared to the other chili fields. The weedy chili field without mulch and chili with the leaf litter mulch has proved ideal habitats for the arboreal predatory arthropods.

Hanif et al, 2019. Population of Pest Insects and Predatory Arthropods Inhabiting Freshwater Swamp Rice of South Sumatra Treated with Bioinsectide of Beauveria bassiana and a Synthetic Insecticide. JLSO (8)1:31-38.Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, could  kill various species of insect pests, but  their impact on predatory arthropods needs to be studied. The aim of this study was to compare population of pest insects and predatory arthropods inhabiting rice sprayed with bioinsecticide of B. bassiana and conventional rice field using a synthetic insecticides. Bioinsecticide was made from conidia of B. bassiana and sprayed on rice canopy. The plot of conventional farmers was sprayed with synthetic insecticides made from Abamektrin. The results showed that the application of bioinsecticide of B. bassiana was not proven to reduce the pest insect population. The abundance of natural enemies of pest insects, such as  spiders and predatory insects was also more abundant in plots sprayed with  bioinsecticide than conventional plots that used synthetic insecticide. The synthetic insecticides have been shown to reduce the abundance of predatory insects and spiders. Bioinsecticides containing carrier of  liquid compost were proven to increase the growth and development of rice, which was an increase in the number of rice tillers per clump in plots applied by bioinsecticide. Thus, B. bassiana of bioinsecticide with liquid compost carrier material was safer and could maintain the abundance of predatory arthropods and increased rice growth.