A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of combined application of farm yard manure (FYM) and inorganic NP fertilizers on soil physico-chemical properties and nutrient balance in a rain-fed lowland rice production system in Fogera plain, northwestern Ethiopia. The study was carried out during the main cropping seasons of 2010 and 2011. Twenty-seven treatments comprising a factorial combination of three rates of FYM (0, 7.5, and 15 t·ha ) were tested. The experiments were laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Bulk density, organic matter content, and available water holding capacity, total N, and available P of the soil were measured just after harvesting the rice crop. Results showed that application of 15 t·FYM·ha −1 significantly increased soil organic matter and available water holding capacity but decreased the soil bulk density, creating a good soil condition for enhanced growth of the rice crop. Application of 15 tFYM·ha −1 increased the level of soil total nitrogen from 0.203% to 0.349%. Combined application of 15 t·ha −1 ·FYM and 100 kg·P 2 O 5 ·ha −1 increased the available phosphorous from 11.9 ppm to 38.1 ppm. Positive balances of soil N and P resulted from combined application of FYM and inorganic N and P sources. Application of 15·t ha From the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that combined application of FYM and inorganic N and P fertilizers improved the chemical and physical properties, which may lead to enhanced and sustainable production of rice in the study area.
Participatory variety selection (PVS) was carried out in two of the major tef-growing woredas (districts) of Ethiopia, Ada and Akaki, in 2003 and2004. The objectives were to identify farmers' selection criteria, to increase farmers' awareness and their access to improved tef varieties, to enable farmers to assess the performances of improved tef varieties of their choice and to accelerate seed dissemination of farmers' chosen varieties through farmer-to-farmer exchange mechanisms. Seed colour was the overriding selection criterion. Farmers overwhelmingly selected the very white seed variety DZ-01-196 (Magna) for market purposes, indicating that tef is a cash crop. Farmers also selected brown-seeded tef, but for home consumption. There was no evidence of connection between seed colour and desirable agronomic traits, or nutritional quality (protein content). Factors other than seed-colour were of secondary concern to farmers. When market demands become the dominant selection criteria, PVS should not be an end by itself: rather, it complements the formal breeding system. The results imply that tef performance evaluation trials need to be separated on a colour-group basis, and any new successful variety in the two woredas should be superior to DZ-01-196 not only in grain yield but also in seed-colour quality. A faster, more efficient and reliable pure-seed supply system than the traditional farmer-to-farmer exchange mechanism is required in order for farmers to continue planting improved varieties, which might be better achieved through small-scale commercial producers and/or cooperatives.
Introduction. The first 12 months after giving birth in relation to family planning use is the time which is often given less attention by health care managers, health service providers, and users. Even most women do not realize that they are at risk for subsequent pregnancy. Due to this, there is an increased substantial risk of unwanted conception and an often-frustrated desire for contraceptive protection. As a result, many women in the postpartum period did not start use of any modern contraceptive method. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess associated factors of postpartum modern contraceptive use in Burie District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed among 686 mothers in Burie District from March 16 to March 25, 2017. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using face to face interviewer administered structured questionnaires. Then, the collected data was entered, coded, and cleaned into EPI Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for data analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association of factors with postpartum modern contraceptive use. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and p values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Result. This study revealed that postpartum modern contraceptive use was found to be 20.7%. Postpartum modern contraceptive use was significantly associated with women’s level of education (AOR=0.15, 95% CI (0.03-0.71)), discussing FP methods with partner (AOR=0.60, 95% CI (0.40-0.90)), knowing menses return after birth (AOR=0.39, 95% CI (0.25-0.59)), ever heard about modern FP methods (AOR=0.06, 95% CI (0.01-0.43)), and contacting health professionals (AOR=1.85, 95% CI (1.19-2.88)). Conclusion and Recommendations. Postpartum modern contraceptive use was found to be low. Therefore, health professionals should work on improvements in women’s educational status, making awareness of the women and counseling of their husbands about the use of postpartum contraception, when fertility returned and risky timing for becoming pregnant.
Seven tetraploid wheat populations consisting of 122. entries collected from Shoa and Gojem Administrative Regions of Ethiopia. were studied for variation of eight morphological characters that have two or more phenotypic classes. Monomorphism was common in many of the populations for awn length and glume pubescence, whereas the rest of the Characters exhibited polymorphism in varying degrees. Awn condition was found to be a fixed character in the entire collection. The lowest level of diversity was observed for glume pubescence (excluding awn condition) and an intermediate to a high level of diversity for all the other characters There was no significant difference among all the estimates of mean diversity for the populations and districts. Although only glume pubescence showed significant differences, the analysis of variance of diversity for individual characters indicated most of the variation to be due to differences among districts rather than among populations within districts. This was also confirmed by a hierarchical analysis of variance of diversity, which detected significant difference only among districts. It is suggested that future collections should covet more different areas rather than having more samples from similar areas. The species composition of the collections is described. Possible adaptive mechanisms of some of the characters arc also discussed.
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