The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is among the most important grain legume crops in Africa. However, the common bean grain is heavily damaged by the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman). This study was conducted to determine the population structure and genome‐wide marker–trait associations of bruchid resistance in the common bean. The phenotypic diversity and population structure of 297 genotypes were analyzed, using the Illumina BARCBean6K_3 SNP BeadChip. The genotypes consisted of landraces, released varieties, breeding lines, and Mexican bean weevil resistant lines. A population structure analysis based on a Bayesian genotype clustering approach classified the 297 genotypes into two subpopulations, namely, Middle American and Andean. Similar population patterns were also observed using principal component analysis. The genome‐wide association study analysis identified 24 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on nine chromosomes, with a significant (P < 0.05) association with the percentages of adult emergence and seed weight loss. The SNPs located on Pv4 and Pv7 were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the two traits. Other significant SNPs were identified on other chromosomes of the common bean, but none of them was above the cutoff point (1.00 × 10−4). Therefore, further verification of the SNPs that have a significant marker–trait association at P < 0.05 will be vital, and accessions with these SNPs may be useful as parental materials.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) is amongst the most important grain legume crops in Africa in general, and Ethiopia in particular. The Mexican been weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatusBoheman) heavily attacks the grain of common bean. A total of 300 common bean entries were subjected to a ‘no-choice’ test at Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopia, using a randomized complete block design with three replications, to evaluate for resistance to the Mexican bean weevil. Data on insect and seed traits were collected and a significant level (P<0.01) of variation in all parameters measured was observed amongst genotypes. Relative resistance was recorded in landraces, improved genotypes and breeding lines, but the resistant genotypes, RAZ-11, RAZ-36, RAZ-2, RAZ-44, RAZ-120, RAZ-40 and MAZ-203, showed consistently complete resistance, with zero index of susceptibility value. Two other promising entries were also identified from the breeding lines (SCR-11) and landrace collections (NC-16) of Ethiopia. Stratified ranking diagrams showed that accessions from different eco-geographical origins in Ethiopia and those with different colours showed different patterns of response to infestation. The Ethiopian bean breeding programme should take up the resistant genotypes for a comprehensive yield trial at the national level and direct release them as commercial varieties. The incorporation of bean weevil resistance genes into adapted varieties through backcross breeding techniques, supported with marker assisted selection, seems to be the best strategy not only in terms of time saving but also in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.
This study examines the impact of training, performance appraisal, and compensation as HRM practices on employees' performances at Bule Hora University, Ethiopia. The objectives of the study are to identify factors affecting the selected HRM practices and employees' performances in the university, evaluate the relationships between training, performance appraisal, and compensation as HRM practices on employees' performances in the university, and the impact of these HRM practices on employees' performances. To attain these objectives, mixed methods are employed to collect and analyze data for the study. The instruments used to collect data are questionnaires and individual interviews. The quantitative data collected through questionnaires are tallied and tabulated in the analysis. The results of the quantitative data were substantiated by the qualitative to arrive at the findings. The findings show that lack of skills, knowledge, and experiences, identifying gaps that need training, and lack of performance appraisal are the main factors affecting HRM practices and employees' performances in the university. Thus, the selected HRM practices have a significant impact on employees' commitment, punctuality, trust, and deliverables in both quality and quality negatively. It is also indicated that the practices have also impacted the productivity of the university. Thus, there are significant relations between training, performance appraisal, and commitment. As immediate recommendations, the university needs to identify gaps that need to be filled through training and appraise individuals with exemplary work in order to increase the productivity of the university.
BackgroundThe single dose pneumonia ten-valent vaccine has been widely used and is highly efficacious against selected strains Streptococcus pneumonia. A two-dose vial without preservative is being introduced in developing countries to reduce the cost of the vaccine. In routine settings improper immunization practice could result in microbial contamination leading to adverse events following immunization.ObjectiveTo monitor adverse events following immunization recommended for routine administration during infancy by comparing the rate of injection-site abscess between children who received PCV-10 vaccine and children who received the Pentavalent (DPT-HepB-Hib) vaccine.MethodsA longitudinal population-based multi-site observational study was conducted between September 2011 and October 2012. The study was conducted in four existing Health and Demographic Surveillance sites run by public universities of Abraminch, Haramaya, Gondar and Mekelle. Adverse events following Immunization were monitored by trained data collectors. Children were identified at the time of vaccination and followed at home at 48 hour and 7 day following immunization. Incidence of abscess and relative risk with the corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated to examine the risk difference in the comparison groups.ResultsA total of 55, 268 PCV and 37, 480 Pentavalent (DPT-HepB-Hib) vaccinations were observed. A total of 19 adverse events following immunization, 10 abscesses and 9 deaths, were observed during the one year study period. The risk of developing abscess was not statistically different between children who received PCV-10 vaccine and those received Pentavalent (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 0.576–12.770), and between children who received the first aliquot of PCV and those received the second aliquot of PCV (RR = 1.72, 95% CI 0.485–6.091).ConclusionNo significant increase in the risk of injection site abscess was observed between the injection sites of PCV-10 vaccine from a two-dose vial without preservative and pentavalent (DPT-HepB-Hib) vaccine in the first 7 days following vaccination.
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