WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Orbital infections may be difficult to distinguish from periorbital cellulitis on the basis of clinical examination. CT can be used to delineate orbital anatomy and determine if an abscess is present. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:We present here an algorithm to stratify patients who are at risk for subperiosteal or orbital abscess and need emergent imaging, and to identify a population of patients at low risk. abstract OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) is used often in the evaluation of orbital infections to identify children who are most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. Our objective was to identify predictors for intraorbital or intracranial abscess among children who present with signs or symptoms of periorbital infection. These predictors could be used to better target patients for emergent CT. METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to an urban pediatric tertiary care emergency department between 1995 and 2008. We included otherwise healthy patients with suspected acute clinical periorbital or orbital cellulitis without a history of craniofacial surgery, trauma, or external source of infection. Immunocompromised patients and patients with noninfectious causes of periorbital swelling were excluded. Variables analyzed included age, duration of symptoms, highest recorded temperature, previous antibiotic therapy, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and interpretation of imaging. CT scans of the orbit were reread by a neuroradiologist. RESULTS: Nine hundred eighteen patients were included; 298 underwent a CT scan, and of those, 111 were shown to have an abscess. Although proptosis, pain with external ocular movement, and ophthalmoplegia were associated with presence of an abscess, 56 (50.5%) patients with abscess did not experience these symptoms. Other variables associated with the presence of an abscess in multivariate analysis were a peripheral blood neutrophil count greater than 10 000/ L, absence of infectious conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, age greater than 3 years, and previous antibiotic therapy (P Ͻ .05 for all). Our recursive partitioning model identified all high-risk (44%) patients as well as a low-risk (0.4%-2%) group (Rsq ϭ 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that patients with proptosis and/or pain or limitation of extraocular movements are at high risk for intraorbital abscess, yet many do not have these predictors.

Few patients who experienced a CFS had ABM in the absence of other signs or symptoms.

Very few patients with CFSs have intracranial pathology in the absence of other signs or symptoms. Patients presenting with more than one seizure in 24 hours in particular are at very low risk.

To determine the yield of neuroimaging in children presenting to the emergency department with acute ataxia in the post-varicella vaccine era, we conducted a cross-sectional study between 1995 and 2013 at a single pediatric tertiary care center. We included children aged 1-18 years evaluated for acute ataxia of <7 days' duration. The main outcome was clinically urgent intracranial pathology defined as a radiologic finding that changed initial management. We identified 364 children, among whom neuroimaging was obtained in 284 (78%). Forty-two children had clinically urgent intracranial pathology (13%, 95% confidence interval 9%-17%); tumors and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis were the leading findings. Age ≤3 years and symptoms ≤3 days of duration were predictors of low risk (0.7%, 95% confidence interval 0%-4.4%). In conclusion, neuroimaging may be indicated for most patients presenting with acute ataxia. Neuroimaging may be deferred in younger children with short duration of symptoms contingent on close follow-up.

Radial head subluxation mechanisms can be classified into subcategories, which may be caregiver and even patient gender specific. Provider awareness regarding these mechanisms may help target education and prevention.