Neutralization of human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) has been demonstrated using serum and cervical secretions from primates vaccinated with virus-like particles (VLPs). Theoretically, neutralizing antibodies could protect women from HPV infection. The immunogenicity of a yeast-derived HPV-11 L1 VLP vaccine was tested in women. Serum specimens were evaluated for HPV-11 titer by competitive radioimmunoassay (cRIA) and for neutralization by use of the athymic mouse xenograft system. Analysis of serum from 104 subjects showed a dose response in HPV-11 cRIA titers and neutralization. Overall, 68 (82.9%) of 82 postimmunization serum specimens from VLP recipients were 100% neutralizing when used in the assay at a 1:50 dilution. Of 69 serum specimens, 63 (91.3%) with cRIA titers 1200 milliMerck units per milliliter were neutralizing. Immunization with HPV VLPs elicits a vigorous serum immune response in a high percentage of women. The HPV-11 cRIA titer appears to be a surrogate marker for neutralization.Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect genital, respiratory, and cutaneous epithelia, causing a range of disease states, including genital warts and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. HPV types 6 and 11 are present in ∼95% of genital warts; HPV types 16, 18, and 31 and other "high-risk" types are present in ∼95% of cervical carcinomas [1,2]. Treatment for most clinically apparent lesions is limited to physical or chemical destruction, which are presumably ineffective treatments, as evidenced by the recurrence rate resulting from insufficient eradication of HPV-infected cells. Therefore, a prophylactic vaccine is needed that could prevent HPV infection.Vaccine development has been slowed by difficulties in propagating HPV in tissue culture and in infecting nonhuman species. Several HPV types have been propagated in the athymic mouse xenograft system [3]. Expression of the L1 gene in yeast results Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Human and animal experimentation guidelines of Indiana University were followed in the conduct of this research. Vaccination of animals with recombinant VLPs has been shown to prevent disease after challenge with the same virus type [6][7][8]. We showed earlier that serum from primates immunized with HPV-11 VLPs neutralized HPV-11 virions [9]. In addition, blood-free cervical secretions collected from the animals partially neutralized . On the basis of these data, the immunogenicity of an HPV-11 VLP (yeast derived) vaccine was evaluated in college-age women. Vaccine was administered in a double-blind, dose-escalating manner. Women who tested negative for HPV types 6 and 11 were vaccinated with HPV-11 VLP vaccine. Serum from each subject was evaluated for antibody titer to HPV-11 and for neutralization of HPV-11 virions.
Materials and MethodsVaccination and collection of serum specimens. Women were screened for HPV types 6 and 11 (HPV-6/11) infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of swab samples of multiple anogenital sites. In addition, competitive RIA (cRIA) ...
Systolic blood pressures, cholesterol levels, and the presence of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele likely contribute to the observed familial correlations in longevity that have been reported in the literature.
Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals and beverages. Currently, there is much interest in the potential health benefits of dietary plant polyphenols as antioxidants. The effect of polyphenols on human cancer cells is most often protective and induces a reduction in the number of tumors or rate of growth. During our course of study on anticancer prodrugs, twelve triphenylmethanol and one tris(2-(hydroxymethyl) phenol derivatives were synthesized as a carrier of several drugs with optimized lipophilicity. Besides application of these compounds as a foundation for anticancer drug delivery systems, these compounds were evaluated as indicators for the acid-base volumetric titration of a standard solution of hydrochloric acid with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide. The experiments indicated a moderate-to-sharp color transition of the solutions near the neutralization point for most indicators. These indicators may have potential applications for acid-base titrations in a narrow range.
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