The authors examined relationships among racial identity, school-based racial discrimination experiences, and academic engagement outcomes for adolescent boys and girls in Grades 8 and 11 (n = 204 boys and n = 206 girls). The authors found gender differences in peer and classroom discrimination and in the impact of earlier and later discrimination experiences on academic outcomes. Racial centrality related positively to school performance and school importance attitudes for boys. Also, centrality moderated the relationship between discrimination and academic outcomes in ways that differed across gender. For boys, higher racial centrality related to diminished risk for lower school importance attitudes and grades from experiencing classroom discrimination relative to boys lower in centrality, and girls with higher centrality were protected against the negative impact of peer discrimination on school importance and academic self-concept. However, among lower race-central girls, peer discrimination related positively to academic self-concept. Finally, socioeconomic background moderated the relationship of discrimination with academic outcomes differently for girls and boys. The authors discuss the need to consider interactions of individual- and contextual-level factors in better understanding African American youths' academic and social development.

The present study examined school-based racial and gender discrimination experiences among African American adolescents in Grade 8 (n = 204 girls; n = 209 boys). A primary goal was exploring gender variation in frequency of both types of discrimination and associations of discrimination with academic and psychological functioning among girls and boys. Girls and boys did not vary in reported racial discrimination frequency, but boys reported more gender discrimination experiences. Multiple regression analyses within gender groups indicated that among girls and boys, racial discrimination and gender discrimination predicted higher depressive symptoms and school importance and racial discrimination predicted self-esteem. Racial and gender discrimination were also negatively associated with grade point average among boys but were not significantly associated in girls’ analyses. Significant gender discrimination X racial discrimination interactions resulted in the girls’ models predicting psychological outcomes and in boys’ models predicting academic achievement. Taken together, findings suggest the importance of considering gender- and race-related experiences in understanding academic and psychological adjustment among African American adolescents.

In the emerging literature on resilience in relation to food security, a growing number of studies stress the need to expand our analysis beyond conventional socio-economic factors such as assets or social capital, and to consider less tangible elements such as risk perception, self-efficacy or aspiration. Drawing on the recent literature and the authors’ own experience, a conceptual framework of subjective resilience is proposed. The framework helps locating the subjective element of resilience within the wider resilience conceptualization as currently developed in the literature on food security and to clarify how it links to the more tangible elements of that conceptualization. Empirical data are then used to test the framework. The analysis demonstrates the relevance of the concept of subjective resilience and the central role that psychosocial factors and individual perceptions play in people’s construct of resilience in the context of humanitarian and food security crises. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of those findings.

The contact hypothesis asserts that intergroup attitudes can be improved when groups have opportunities to interact with each other. Recent research extending the contact hypothesis suggests that contact with a primary outgroup can decrease bias toward outgroups not directly involved in the interaction, which is known as the secondary transfer effect (STE). The present study contributes to growing research on STEs by investigating effects among Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduate students (N = 3,098) attending 28 selective colleges and universities. Using hierarchical linear modeling, our results reveal numerous positive STEs among Asian, Black, and Hispanic college students. No significant STEs were observed among White students. Mediated moderation analyses support an attitude generalization mechanism, because STEs were explained by changes in attitudes toward the primary outgroup. This research speaks to equivocal findings in the extant STE literature and highlights directions for future research on social cohesion and bias reduction.

For ecologically apparent reasons, the burden of feeding the increasing population of this country has traditionally fallen upon the rural farmer. Seminal to the accomplishment of this task has been the part played by the veterinary medical practitioner. Over the past several decades, however, rather marked intraoccupational changes have occurred within the veterinary medical profession. While originally established on an agricultural base, recent trends within veterinary medicine have served to focus upon "companion" rather than large animal private practice. Crawford, et al,1 for example, in a study of 787 veterinarians engaged in private practice in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, found 59.7 per cent of those surveyed to have practices totally devoted to the treatment and care of small or companion animals. By contrast, only 17.7 per cent of the private practitioners studied were found to have practices devoted totally to large or farm animals. Explanation for such trends could conceivably include the argument of diminished opportunity for large arfimal practice. Yet while it is true that, from time to time there has been some cyclical reduction in the number of food animals owing primarily to economic conditions, there is little evidence to indicate that this is other than a temporary phenomenon. As the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Veterinary Medical Research and Education recently pointed out: "With the prospect of increasing human population and greater demand on food resources, the food animal prac-titioner's role assumes increased significance. They serve Drs. Snizek and Bryant are with the Virginia agriculture and the nation by supporting efficient and economic production of meat, milk and eggs; protecting the nation's livestock from domestic and foreign diseases; and implementing measures for eradication of certain of the more devastating pathogens."2 Accordingly, in the face of continued demand for animal protein production, opportunities for large animal practitioners continue, as they have over the years, and should broaden rather than diminish in the future. Given the intraoccupational shift from large to small animal private practice within veterinary medicine, an attempt was made to identify those factors, in the form of various career contingencies and considerations, which affect individ-uals' decisions to pursue a specific type of private practice within veterinary medicine. Among the factors examined as possibly affecting initial decision or subsequent propensity to engage in small, as opposed to large, animal veterinary practice were: area of childhood residence, perceived income differentials , job demands, and professional image. Procedure The present study utilized a cross-sectional data gathering design. Three distinct groups of subjects were selected for study. First, a random sample of 76 pre-veterinary students were surveyed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute concerning their interests, expectations, and reasons for considering one or another form of practice mode wi...