ABSTRACTLack of an adequate animal model ofPlasmodium falciparumsevere malarial anemia (SMA) has hampered the understanding of this highly lethal condition. We developed a model of SMA by infecting C57BL/6 mice withP. chabaudifollowed after recovery byP. bergheiinfection.P. chabaudi/P. berghei-infected mice had an initial 9- to 10-day phase of relatively low parasitemia and severe anemia, followed by a second phase of hyperparasitemia, more profound anemia, reticulocytosis, and death 14 to 21 days after infection.P. chabaudi/P. berghei-infected animals had more intense splenic hematopoiesis, higher interleukin-10 (IL-10)/tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-12/gamma interferon (IFN-γ) ratios, and higher antibody levels againstP. bergheiandP. chabaudiantigens thanP. berghei-infected orP. chabaudi-recovered animals. Early treatment with chloroquine or artesunate did not prevent the anemia, suggesting that the bulk of red cell destruction was not due to the parasite. Red cells fromP. chabaudi/P. berghei-infected animals had increased surface IgG and C3 by flow cytometry. However, C3−/−mice still developed anemia. Tracking of red cells labeledex vivoandin vivoand analysis of frozen tissue sections by immunofluorescence microscopy showed that red cells fromP. chabaudi/P. berghei-infected animals were removed at an accelerated rate in the liver by erythrophagocytosis. This model is practical and reproducible, and its similarities withP. falciparumSMA in humans makes it an appealing system with which to study the pathogenesis of this condition and explore potential immunomodulatory interventions.