Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe viral disease in pigs, causing great economic losses worldwide each year. The causative agent of the disease, PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a member of the family Arteriviridae. Here we report our investigation of the unparalleled large-scale outbreaks of an originally unknown, but so-called “high fever” disease in China in 2006 with the essence of PRRS, which spread to more than 10 provinces (autonomous cities or regions) and affected over 2,000,000 pigs with about 400,000 fatal cases. Different from the typical PRRS, numerous adult sows were also infected by the “high fever” disease. This atypical PRRS pandemic was initially identified as a hog cholera-like disease manifesting neurological symptoms (e.g., shivering), high fever (40–42°C), erythematous blanching rash, etc. Autopsies combined with immunological analyses clearly showed that multiple organs were infected by highly pathogenic PRRSVs with severe pathological changes observed. Whole-genome analysis of the isolated viruses revealed that these PRRSV isolates are grouped into Type II and are highly homologous to HB-1, a Chinese strain of PRRSV (96.5% nucleotide identity). More importantly, we observed a unique molecular hallmark in these viral isolates, namely a discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2). Taken together, this is the first comprehensive report documenting the 2006 epidemic of atypical PRRS outbreak in China and identifying the 30 amino-acid deletion in NSP2, a novel determining factor for virulence which may be implicated in the high pathogenicity of PRRSV, and will stimulate further study by using the infectious cDNA clone technique.

We characterized isolates from porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus epidemics in Vietnam and China in 2007. These isolates showed ≈99% identity at the genomic level. Genetic analysis indicated that they share a discontinuous deletion of 30 aa in nonstructural protein 2, which indicates that identical variants emerged in Vietnam and China.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has a major negative economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. During the investigation of PRRS virus (PRRSV) in mainland China, European genotype (EU, type 1) PRRSV isolates were detected in swine herds both with and without clinical symptoms. Two complete genome sequences for Chinese type 1 PRRSV isolates were identified from viruses isolated from lung tissue and sera. The two viruses, designated BJEU06-1 and NMEU09-1, produced cytopathic effects in primary porcine alveolar macrophages but not in Marc-145 cells, and had a mean diameter of 55 nm, as measured by transmission electron microscopy . Comparative sequence analysis revealed that they shared 87.0-91.5 % and 58.0-58.2 % identity with the EU and North American genotype (NA, type 2) prototypic strains LV and VR-2332, respectively. Remarkably, these isolates, characterized by concomitant deletions within non-structural protein 2 (Nsp2) and ORF3 hypervariable regions, have never been described. Phylogenetic trees showed that all of the novel Chinese isolates of European genotype are in the pan-European subtype 1 that is predominant in Europe. However, they evolved from different ancestors. These novel viruses are predicted to be products of the divergent evolution of ancestor PRRSV isolates introduced from Europe. This is the first report of type 1 PRRSV wild isolates being in mainland China. Our findings confirm that the Chinese type 1 PRRSV isolates originated from diverse progenitors and the type 1 and type 2 PRRSV isolates, having different biological properties, have coexisted on the Chinese mainland for several years. INTRODUCTIONPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) emerged in North America in 1987(Keffaber, 1989 and in western Europe in 1990(Wensvoort et al., 1991, and is now one of the most economically significant swine diseases worldwide. The aetiological agent of the disease, PRRS virus (PRRSV), was isolated in the Netherlands in 1991 (Wensvoort et al., 1991) and subsequently in the United States (Collins et al., 1992). Even though the PRRSV isolates on the two continents emerged almost simultaneously, caused similar disease symptoms and shared the same virion morphology, European and North American PRRSV isolates were antigenically and genetically very different (Forsberg et al., 2002;Ropp et al., 2004;Rossow, 1998). Thus, two genotypes of PRRSV have been defined: the European (EU genotype, type 1) and the North American (NA genotype, type 2) strains (Meng et al., 1995;Nelsen et al., 1999). Originally, EU PRRSV was restricted to Europe, while NA PRRSV was restricted to North America and Asia. Nowadays however, coexistence of the two genotypes has been identified in Europe, North America and Asia, complicating PRRSV differential diagnosis, disease prevention and control (Amonsin et al., 2009; Balka et al., 2008;Bøtner et al., 1997;Dewey et al., 2000; Fang et al., 2007;Kim et al., 2009b;Ropp et al., 2004; Thanawongnuwech et al., 2004;van Vugt et al., 2001).PRRSV is an en...

Mutants of a highly pathogenic, porcine reproductive, and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), JXA1 strain, were prepared by continuous in vitro passage. Genomic sequence comparisons were made between mutants obtained at different passages and the parental strain JXA1. The mutant strain obtained at passage 80 contained a 12 nucleotide insertion and 108 nucleotide mutations that resulted in 45 amino acid changes. Most of these changes (89%) occurred between passage 10 and 45 and were genetically stable for the next 35-70 passages. A comparison of the mutants, their parental strain, and several American PRRSV strains, identified 13 characteristic amino acid changes. These sites, as well as the distinct 12 nucleotide insertion, represent possible genetic markers for the evaluation of live vaccine applications, particularly for additional studies of the safety and potency of live PRRSV vaccines.

ABSTRACT. Strigolactones are newly discovered plant hormones that perform various functions, from signaling in symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to controlling outgrowth of axillary buds. We examined the phylogenetic relationships of two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes (CCD7 and CCD8) that are involved in consecutive upstream steps of the proposed strigolactone biosynthesis pathway. The CCD7 and CCD8 sequences from 11 model species, divided into two clades, correspond to sequences from monocotyledons and dicotyledons. However, the sequences from the primitive moss, Physcomitrella patens, appeared to be evolutionarily distinct from those of the angiosperms. CCD7 and CCD8 are much conserved, since no significant positive selection was detected among these plants. Ks values indicated that CCD7 and CCD8 diverged about 290 to 430 million years ago. As essential genes in the strigolactone pathway, the divergence timing of the conserved CCD7 and CCD8 genes reflects the approximate time of generation of strigolactone as a regulatory substance. This timing calculation also coincides with initiation of symbiosis between plants and microorganisms, inferred from ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 10 (4): 3664-3673 (2011) CCD gene evolution in plants 3665the fossil record. Molecular evolution analyses of genes in metabolic pathways can provide insight concerning gene evolution.