Transparent conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) films were fabricated by dip-coating solutions of pristine CNTs dissolved in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) and then removing the CSA. The film performance and morphology (including alignment) were controlled by the CNT length, solution concentration, coating speed, and level of doping. Using long CNTs (∼10 μm), uniform films were produced with excellent optoelectrical performance (∼100 Ω/sq sheet resistance at ∼90% transmittance in the visible), in the range of applied interest for touch screens and flexible electronics. This technique has potential for commercialization because it preserves the length and quality of the CNTs (leading to enhanced film performance) and operates at high CNT concentration and coating speed without using surfactants (decreasing production costs).
Rinsing flows are common processes where a jet of one liquid impinges upon a layer of a second liquid for the purpose of removing the second liquid. An imaging setup has been developed to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data on the rinsing flow of a jet of water impinging on either layers of Newtonian or elastic fluids. Three classes of test fluids have been investigated: a Newtonian glycerol-water solution, a semidilute aqueous solution of high molecular weight polyacrylamide solution displaying both elasticity and shear thinning, and an elastic but non-shear thinning Boger fluid. The fluids were designed to have approximately equal zero-shear viscosities. For all cases, a circular hydraulic jump occurs and Saffman–Taylor instabilities were observed at the interface between the low viscosity jet and the higher viscosity coating liquids. Results show that the elasticity (extensional viscosity) of the samples influences the pattern of the instabilities and contributes to dampening surface disturbances in the vicinity of the hydraulic jump. Quantitative measurements of liquid layer thicknesses were obtained using a laser triangulation technique. We observed that shear thinning contributes to increasing the velocity of the hydraulic jump circle growth, and the growth profile appears to be linear instead of logarithmic-like as in the Newtonian fluids. Shear thinning characteristics of the samples also contribute to a larger vertical height of the hydraulic jump and an undercutting phenomenon. The elasticity of the fluids contributes to a “recoil” of the hydraulic jump circle, causing the circle, after initial expansion, to shrink in size before expanding again.
Investigation of shear-banding structure in wormlike micellar solution by point-wise flow-induced birefringence measurements
Introduction Elevated concentrations of isovaleric, methylmalonic, and propionic acid are associated with impaired consciousness in genetic diseases (organic acidemias). We conjectured that part of the central nervous system depression observed in these disorders was due to anesthetic effects of these metabolites. We tested three hypotheses. First, that these metabolites would have anesthetic-sparing effects, possibly being anesthetics by themselves. Second, that these compounds would modulate glycine and GABAA receptor function, increasing chloride currents through these channels as potent clinical inhaled anesthetics do. Third, that these compounds would affect physical properties of lipids. Methods Anesthetic EC50’s were measured in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Glycine and GABAA receptors were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and studied using two-electrode voltage clamping. Pressure-area isotherms of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) monolayers were measured with and without added organic acids. Results Isovaleric acid was an anesthetic in tadpoles, while methylmalonic and propionic acid decreased isoflurane’s EC50 by half. All three organic acids concentration-dependently increased current through α1 glycine receptors. There were minimal effects on α1β2γ2s GABAA receptors. The organic acids increased total lateral pressure (surface pressure) of DPPC monolayers, including at mean molecular areas typical of bilayers. Conclusion Isovaleric, methylmalonic, and propionic acid have anesthetic affects in tadpoles, positively modulate glycine receptor fuction, and affect physical properties of DPPC monolayers.
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (also referred to as β-hydroxybutyric acid or BHB), a small molecule metabolite whose concentration is elevated in type I diabetes and diabetic coma, was found to modulate the properties of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) monolayers when added to the subphase at clinical concentrations. This is a key piece of evidence supporting the hypothesis that the anesthetic actions of BHB are due to the metabolite's abilities to alter physical properties of cell membranes, leading to indirect effects on membrane protein function. Pressure-area isotherms show that BHB changes the compressibility of the monolayer and decrease the size of the two-phase coexistence region. Epi-fluorescent microscopy further reveals that the reduction of the coexistence region is due to the significant reduction in morphology of the liquid condensed domains in the two-phase coexistence region. These changes in monolayer morphology are associated with the diminished interfacial viscosity of the monolayers (measured using an interfacial stress rheometer), which gives insight as to how changes in phase and structure may contribute to membrane function.
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