We propose a route choice model that relaxes the independence from irrelevant alternatives property of the logit model by allowing scale parameters to be link specific. Similar to the the recursive logit (RL) model proposed by Fosgerau et al. (2013), the choice of path is modelled as a sequence of link choices and the model does not require any sampling of choice sets. Furthermore, the model can be consistently estimated and efficiently used for prediction.A key challenge lies in the computation of the value functions, i.e. the expected maximum utility from any position in the network to a destination. The value functions are the solution to a system of non-linear equations. We propose an iterative method with dynamic accuracy that allows to efficiently solve these systems.We report estimation results and a cross-validation study for a real network. The results show that the NRL model yields sensible parameter estimates and the fit is significantly better than the RL model. Moreover, the NRL model outperforms the RL model in terms of prediction.
A 58-year-old Caucasian man was receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke; his international normalized ratio (INR) had been stable. His INR increased when he began consistent, low-dose beer consumption for its perceived cardiovascular protection. After he stopped drinking the alcohol, his anticoagulation control improved and returned to previous levels. Information on the effects of alcohol, particularly beer, is limited in nonalcoholic patients who receive warfarin therapy. This case reveals a potential for low-dose beer consumption to elevate INR. We propose that the increased antithrombotic effect of warfarin involved protein-binding interactions and decreased warfarin metabolism through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system. Concurrent administration of aspirin and other drugs that are metabolized through or are inhibitors of the CYP system may have enhanced the interaction that occurred in this patient. Caution should be used whenever warfarin and alcohol in any amount are taken together, especially in patients receiving many drugs, and close monitoring of the INR is warranted.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.