In China corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) has gained increasing attention within industry and government. Evidence exists for significant attempts to promote CSER by the Chinese government. As a critical ‘pillar’ industrial sector, urban residential apartment development has been a major contributor to China's national gross domestic product. This industry has also profoundly influenced social and environmental issues in the country. Thus, apartment developers in China have felt increased pressures to implement CSER practices. Little research has sought to investigate CSER in this industry, whether in China or globally. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate, using a surveyed sample of 92 apartment development companies, CSER practices in this industrial sector. In the empirical analysis we find that CSER practices can be grouped into basic, environmentally-related and extended practices. We further compare these groupings of CSER practices among different sizes of apartment developers using multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffe multiple analysis tests. We also apply one-way analysis of variance and t-tests for comparisons of CSER practices among apartment developers from different cities and with different ownership structures. The results show that apartment developers generally implement environmentally-related and extended CSER practices at higher levels. Residential apartment development is occurring in more developed cities, and thus apartment developers in these cities face more pressures for CSER practices. Joint ventures are more likely to implement environmentally-related CSER practices. Research and managerial implications, and future research directions are also presented in this work.
Due to increasing pressure for energy saving and emission reduction, Chinese apartment developers have initiated sustainable design practices. This paper develops a conceptual model which proposes that cooperation with construction stakeholders and customers is a mediator, necessary for apartment developers to realize environmental, economic and even competitive performance improvement through sustainable design practices. The paper examines the current practice situations of sustainable design, cooperation with construction stakeholders and customers as well as related performance improvement among Chinese apartment developers based on 92 questionnaires conducted by the authors. The mediation effects are further analysed through hierarchical regression analysis. Statistical results indicate that sustainable design should be further promoted by the Chinese governments and implemented by Chinese apartment developers. Policy implications are discussed to provide detailed suggestions on improving the cooperation with Chinese apartment developers and their construction stakeholders/customers. Such cooperation can help apartment developers to improve environmental, competitive and economic performance through sustainable design practices.
The research is based on 54 empirical studies (56 effect values, total sample 21900) that were conducted to study the relationship between moral leadership and innovation effectiveness of multi-focus enterprises in paternalistic leadership by using meta-analysis technology. Moral leadership in paternalistic leadership has a significant impact on the effectiveness of enterprise innovation. Based on the multi-focus perspective, the implementation of enterprise innovation effectiveness includes many aspects, such as employee innovation ability and employee innovation behavior. That is to say, the performance of enterprise innovation effectiveness is based on the development of employee innovation ability and employee innovation behavior. Therefore, the effectiveness of enterprise innovation under the paternalistic leadership can be divided into: innovation ability orientation and innovation behavior orientation. In the context of moral leadership, it is not yet clear which subject employees are more inclined to innovate. Research shows that moral leadership has significant positive effects on innovation behavior, capability oriented innovation and behavior oriented innovation. The cross-cultural situation (China, non -China) and the innovation subject (individual, team, organization) regulate the relationship between them.
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