Four samples of TiO2 ultrafine particles (UFP) were obtained through different processes. The structure of TiO2 ultrafine particles and the factors influencing the structure were investigated with Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Both Raman spectra and x-ray diffractograms show the similar regularity of the phase transformation among the four samples. The observed bimodal lineshape-structure in the Raman spectra is attributed to the intragrain and grain-boundary components of TiO2 UFP. The crystal structure of TiO2 UFP is found to be distorted by the surface structure such as OH and OCH2CH3 groups coordinated on the surface of TiO2 UFP.
Phyllosphere microbes may influence the functional properties of their host plants by their metabolic activities.Plants can sense the presence of phyllosphere microbes and then induce stomatal closure to prevent their invasion, which can reduce transpiration and improve water use efficiency. Theoretical research of stomatal immunity can help with the development of new biological anti-transpiration agents and water-saving agriculture. We here reviewed the progress in research into plant-phyllosphere microbe interactions as well as the phenomenon and mechanism of stomatal immunity and then discuss their application in water-saving agriculture and the need for future work.
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