Using data from the 2011 population census and the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics, this paper examines the academic performance and non-cognitive skills of the children of Chinese migrants in Hong Kong aged 14 and below. Our analyses show that the poorer academic performance of Chinese migrants’ children results mainly from disadvantageous family background and parenting practices. Children of cross-border and migrant families do not differ from children of natives in Chinese, mathematics, or English, once parental education and parent–child communication about school life are controlled for. Children from migrant families have significantly higher levels of non-cognitive ability than children of natives. Our analyses also show that parental education is positively associated with Chinese and English performances; parents talking with children about school life significantly improves children’s performance in Chinese, mathematics, and English; and parental migrant status and parenting practices have positive effects on non-cognitive skills.
Spatial mismatch theory argues that geographic barriers have significant adverse effects on (un)employment, especially with respect to disadvantaged workers. Existing debates on spatial mismatch have focused on its influence on unemployment, but few studies have paid attention to the impact of spatial factors on increasingly precarious employment in today's labor market. Using data from four waves of the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (HKPSSD), the 2011 Population Census and the 2016 Population By-census, this study aims to investigate the effects of spatial mismatch on precarious employment in the low-and high-skilled labor markets in Hong Kong with multi-leveled modeling. The results suggest that with higher levels of spatial mismatch, workers in the low-skilled labor market are more likely to be in precarious employment. In the high-skilled labor market, sub-degree holders are also more likely to engage in precarious employment. Even worse, spatial mismatch in Hong Kong has deteriorated over time. Based on these results, we offer policy recommendations and show how the study of spatial mismatch can inform policymaking. Overall, we contribute to the literature by demonstrating that spatial mismatch can lead to precarious employment among employed workers and has differentiated effects on low-and high-skilled labor markets.
Education and intergroup contact are two of the most influential channels for reducing host society members’ hostility toward immigrants, but recent studies suggest that these two channels are only able to shift their impressions. Yet, a shift in impression does not necessarily translate into endorsement of integration policies, resulting in a “principle-policy paradox” in multiracial societies. Little is known about whether this paradox holds in circumstances where racial boundaries are less salient and rigid. In this study, we examine whether such a paradox exists in urban China, where racial/ethnic hostility is negligible but the Hukou system has created institutional segregation between local residents and migrants. Using data collected from twelve middle-size cities and one metropolis, we examine urban residents’ attitudes toward rural migrants from multiple domains. We find that education is positively associated with locals’ positive judgments about rural migrants, with concern about social justice playing a mediating role. However, there is a lack of association between education and the endorsement of integration policy or social distance. Compared with education, social contact, in particular kinship contact, is associated with support in more substantive domains, ranging from integration policies to a closer social distance. Nevertheless, social contact does not lead to the support for the most pivotal policy change of granting Hukou. The findings indicate that both education and social contact are limited in engendering the extension of benefits to migrants across contexts, but intergroup contact is more capable of doing so in a society with a more fluid group boundary.
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