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In this study, we employed laser ablation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to map the spatial distribution of Gd-doped iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in one tumor slice that had been subjected to magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). The mapping results revealed the high resolution of the elemental analysis, with the distribution of Gd atoms highly correlated with that of the Fe atoms. The spatial distributions of C, P, S, and Zn atoms revealed that the effect of MFH treatment was significantly dependent on the diffusion of the magnetic fluid in the tissue. An observed enrichment of Cu atoms after MFH treatment was probably due to inflammation in the tumor. The abnormal distribution of Ni atoms suggests a probable biochemical reaction in the tumor. Therefore, this LA-ICP-MS mapping technique can provide novel information regarding the spatial distribution of elements in tumors after cancer therapy.

We present an observationally constrained United States black carbon emission inventory with explicit representation of activity and technology between 1960 and 2000. We compare measured coefficient of haze data in California and New Jersey between 1965 and 2000 with predicted concentration trends and attribute discrepancies between observations and predicted concentrations among several sources based on seasonal and weekly patterns in observations. Emission factors for sources with distinct fuel trends are then estimated by comparing fuel and concentration trends and further substantiated by in‐depth examination of emission measurements. We recommend (1) increasing emission factors for preregulation vehicles by 80–250%; (2) increasing emission factors for residential heating stoves and boilers by 70% to 200% for 1980s and before; (3) explicitly representing naturally aspired off‐road engines for 1980s and before; and (4) explicitly representing certified wood stoves after 1985. We also evaluate other possible sources for discrepancy between model and measurement, including bias in modeled meteorology, subgrid spatial heterogeneity of concentrations, and inconsistencies in reported fuel consumption. The updated U.S. emissions are higher than the a priori estimate by 80% between 1960 and 1980, totaling 690 Gg/year in 1960 and 620 Gg/year in 1970 (excluding open burning). The revised inventory shows a strongly decreasing trend that was present in the observations but missing in the a priori inventory.

BackgroundStroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and improving sleep quality in post-stroke insomnia is beneficial to the recovery of stroke. Acupuncture is widely used for the treatment of post-stroke insomnia in China. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to explore the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for post-stroke insomnia.MethodsEight databases were searched from their inception to 12 September 2022. Two reviewers independently performed the study screening and data extraction. The outcomes include Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), objective sleep data measured by polysomnography (PSG), long-term efficacy and adverse events. The quality of the trials was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0. The RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.1 were used for data synthesis.ResultsAmong 3,233 participants from 41 studies were included. Pooled results indicated that acupuncture was superior to control group (CG) in improving PSQI total score (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.32, −0.74, P < 0.00001), increasing sleep efficiency (SMD = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.92) and total sleep time (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.86). The favorable results in improving PSQI total score (SMD = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.92), reduced sleep latency (SMD = 1.84, 95% CI: 0.31 to 3.38) and increased total sleep time (SMD = −0.73, 95% CI: −1.15 to −0.31) were also observed in comparisons of acupuncture plus CG vs. CG. As of long-term efficacy and safety, the effects of acupuncture were long-term and robustness, however, due to limited safety information, reliable safety conclusions cannot be drawn. Subgroup analysis showed that acupuncture plus CG was superior to CG for post-infarction patients, but the efficacy of acupuncture alone compared to non-BZDs or other hypnotics needs further research. The GRADE assessment demonstrated that the level of evidence was mostly low or very low given the flaws in the study design and considerable heterogeneity among the included studies.ConclusionAcupuncture could improve sleep quality, has long-term efficacy and without serious adverse events. However, the findings should be treated with caution owing to the existence of methodological quality issues. More studies with rigorous designs are warranted for validation and explored the safety of acupuncture.

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