Railway stations in Japan and elsewhere are undergoing redevelopment to accommodate new spaces of consumption and leisure. Tokyo Station redevelopment is a representative case illustrating the experiment of integrating new facilities into an existing spatial system. The station's image is being recast as an important urban centre in Tokyo with a particular mix of prestige business, shopping and unique entertainment venues. The walking network is being reconfigured in a larger space with a complex set of new land uses, leading to new spatial configurations and patterns of behaviour. These transformations support a new role for the station. The station redevelopment, along with related investments in the surrounding space represent a distinctly Japanese approach to transit-oriented development. This article examines the urban design strategy underlying these transformations.
Air traffic controllers frequently point out other airplanes using a clock analogy (e.g., “Traffic 10 o’clock,”). This study explored the extent to which young pilots, who grew up in the digital age, understand an analog clock metaphor. Fourteen pilots were randomly assigned to either an analog clock or a digital clock refresher training group. Participants flew a 15-minute flight scenario pretest. During the pretest, participants heard prerecorded announcements of potential traffic factors. After the pretest, the analog group viewed 100 slides of analog clocks and the digital group viewed 100 slides of digital clocks set for various times. Following the refresher training participants flew a posttest that was similar in difficulty to the pretest. No differences in time to identify traffic between the pretest and posttest were found for the analog group. However, participants in the digital group identified flight traffic faster during the posttest when compared to the pretest.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.