The chicken is an important agricultural animal and model for developmental biology, immunology and virology. Excess fat accumulation continues to be a serious problem for the chicken industry. However, chicken adipogenesis and obesity have not been well investigated, because no chicken preadipocyte cell lines have been generated thus far. Here, we successfully generated two immortalized chicken preadipocyte cell lines through transduction of either chicken telomerase reverse transcriptase (chTERT) alone or in combination with chicken telomerase RNA (chTR). Both of these cell lines have survived >100 population doublings in vitro, display high telomerase activity and have no sign of replicative senescence. Similar to primary chicken preadipocytes, these two cell lines display a fibroblast-like morphology, retain the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and do not display any signs of malignant transformation. Isoenzyme analysis and PCR-based analysis confirmed that these two cell lines are of chicken origin and are free from inter-species contamination. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the generation of immortal chicken cells by introduction of chTERT and chTR. Our established chicken preadipocyte cell lines show great promise as an in vitro model for the investigation of chicken adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and obesity and its related diseases, and our results also provide clues for immortalizing other avian cell types.

The efficiency of most photovoltaic devices is severely limited by near-infrared (NIR) transmission losses. To alleviate this limitation, a new type of colloidal upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), hexagonal core-shell-structured β-NaYbF4:Er(3+)(2%)/NaYF4:Nd(3+)(30%), is developed and explored in this work as an NIR energy relay material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These UCNPs are able to harvest light energy in multiple NIR regions, and subsequently convert the absorbed energy into visible light where the DSSCs strongly absorb. The NIR-insensitive DSSCs show compelling photocurrent increases through binary upconversion under NIR light illumination either at 785 or 980 nm, substantiating efficient energy relay by these UCNPs. The overall conversion efficiency of the DSSCs was improved with the introduction of UCNPs under simulated AM 1.5 solar irradiation.

Highly efficient and low efficiency roll-off WOLEDs by simple insertion of multi-ultrathin phosphorescent layers within blue TADF emitters.

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates adipogenesis. The genomic structure of the chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (cPPARγ) gene has not been fully characterized, and only one cPPARγ gene mRNA sequence has been reported in genetic databases. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we identified five different cPPARγ mRNAs that are transcribed from three transcription initiation sites. The open reading frame analysis showed that these five cPPARγ transcript variants (cPPARγ1 to 5) could encode two cPPARγ protein isoforms (cPPARγ1 and cPPARγ2), which differ only in their N-terminal region. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that, of these five cPPARγ transcript variants, cPPARγ1 was ubiquitously highly expressed in various chicken tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, kidney, spleen and duodenal; cPPARγ2 was exclusively highly expressed in adipose tissue; cPPARγ3 was highly expressed in adipose tissue, kidney, spleen and liver; cPPARγ4 and cPPARγ5 were ubiquitously weakly expressed in all the tested tissues, and comparatively, cPPARγ5 was highly expressed in adipose tissue, heart, liver and kidney. The comparison of the expression of the five cPPARγ transcript variants showed that adipose tissue cPPARγ1 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line from 2 to 7 wk of age (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Adipose tissue cPPARγ3 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line at 3, 5 and 6 wk of age (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but lower at 4 wk of age (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue cPPARγ5 expression was significantly higher in the fat line than in the lean line at 3, 4, and 6 wk of age (P < 0.01) and at 2 and 7 wk of age (P < 0.05). This is the first report of transcript variants and protein isoforms of cPPARγ gene. Our findings provided a foundation for future investigations of the function and regulation of cPPARγ gene in adipose tissue development.

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have attracted increasing attention for their enhanced light harvesting and large junction area of photovoltaic devices compared to planar silicon wafers. However, high surface recombination velocity deteriorates the photovoltaic performance of the SiNW-based solar cells. Therefore, a passivation step is necessary to avoid this effect. Here, a small organic molecule, diallyl disulfide (DADS), has been employed to passivate the surface of SiNWs. This passivation process was carried out under UV illumination at room temperature. Covalent Si–C bonds were formed between DADS and the Si surface, which was experimentally proven to reduce the surface recombination of photogenerated carriers. Compared with cells employing oxide- or hydrogen-passivated SiNWs, the power conversion efficiency of devices employing DADS-passivated SiNWs was 7.2%, which was improved by a factor of 3.8 and 1.6, respectively. Moreover, the solar cell using DADS-passivated SiNWs exhibited good stability in air. The S-shaped current–voltage curves were not observed because of the high oxidation resistance of the DADS-modified surface. This simple and effective UV-initiated passivation procedure with DADS can lower the cost and improve the photovoltaic performance of SiNW-based solar cells.

A novel UEML-based WOLED structure with strategic exciton management to decrease the efficiency roll-off and improve color quality.

We demonstrate the use of non-linear manifold learning methods to map the connectivity and extent of similarity between diverse metal–organic framework (MOF) structures in terms of their surface areas by taking into account both crystallographic and electronic structure information.