Soil heavy-metal pollution leads to excessive heavy metals
in rice
and other food crops, which has caused serious impacts on the ecological
environment and on human health. In recent years, environmental friendly
treatment methods that reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals
in soil by soil microorganisms improving the tolerance of heavy metals
in rice and reducing the transfer of heavy metals from the roots to
the above-ground parts of rice have attracted much attention. This
paper reviews the role and mechanism of soil microorganisms in alleviating
heavy-metal stress in rice at home and abroad in recent years. At
present, microorganisms tolerant to heavy metals mainly include bacteria
and fungi, and their mechanisms include the adsorption of heavy metals
by microorganisms, the secretion of growth-promoting substances (growth
hormone, ACC deaminase, IAA), changing the physical and chemical properties
of the soil and the composition of the microbial community, changing
the transport mode of heavy metals in soil, the improvement of the
antioxidant capacity of rice, etc. Hence, soil microorganisms have
good application value and prospects in rice and other crops. However,
the vast majority of current research focuses on a single strain,
the screening principles of strains are limited, the pathogenicities
of the strains have not been evaluated, and there are still few field
experiments under natural conditions. In the future, we should strengthen
the action of soil microorganisms on rice in response to the above
problems in heavy metals, to better promote the microbial remediation
technology.
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