In Frongoch Mine (UK), it is unclear the distribution of metals on indigenous algae and whether these species of algae can accumulate metals. This study aimed to investigate the role of indigenous algae for metal removal from acid mine drainage and understand if metals can be adsorbed on the surface of algae or/and bioaccumulated in algae. A sequential extraction procedure was applied for algae samples collected from acid mine drainage (AMD) water to identify the forms in which metals are found in algae. Concentrations of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were evaluated in the algae and AMD samples were collected in June and October 2019. AMDs samples had a pH value ranging between 3.5 and 6.9 and high concentrations of Zn (351 mg/L) and Pb (4.22 mg/L) that exceeded the water quality standards (Water Framework Directive, 2015). Algae Ulothrix sp. and Oedogonium sp. were the two main species in the Frongoch AMDs. The concentrations of metals in algae ranged from 0.007 to 51 mg/g, and the bioconcentration factor of metals decreased in the following order: Fe > > Pb > > Cu > Cd > Zn. It was found that Zn, Cu and Cd were adsorbed onto the surface of and bioaccumulated in the algae, while Pb and Fe were mainly bioaccumulated in the algae. Indigenous algae can be considered as a biogeochemical barrier where metals are accumulating and can be used in bioremediation methods. Also, indigenous algae could be used as a bioindicator to assess water pollution at Frongoch Mine and other similar metal mines.
Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains high concentrations of potentially toxic metals, which contaminates receiving watercourse. In Frongoch Mine (United Kingdom), it is unclear the distribution of metals on indigenous algae and whether these species of algae can accumulate metals. This study investigated the role of indigenous algae for metals removal from AMD and examined if metals can be adsorbed on the surface or/and bioaccumulated in algae. Sequential extraction procedure was applied for algae samples collected from AMD water to identify the forms in which metals are found in algae. Concentrations of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in algae were determined. AMD samples were found to have pH 3.5 to 6.9 and high concentrations of Zn (351 mg/L) and Pb (4.22 mg/L) that exceeded water quality standards. Algae Ulothrix sp. and Oedogonium sp. were the two main species in the Frongoch AMDs. Concentrations of metals in algae ranged from 0.007 to 51 mg/g and the bioconcentration factor of metals decreased in the following order: Fe>>Pb>>Cu>Cd>Zn. Zn, Cu and Cd were found to be adsorbed on algae surface and bioaccumulated in the algae while Pb and Fe mainly bioaccumulated in the algae. Indigenous algae can be considered as a biogeochemical barrier to bioaccumulate algae and as a bioremediation method. Also, indigenous algae could be used as a bioindicator for the assessment of water pollution at Frongoch Mine and other metal mines.
To realize the real-time monitoring of pipelines, this paper designs a pneumatic soft pipeline outer wall-crawling robot composed of OMCA (outer multi-cavity actuator) based on the motion of the inchworm. The robot consists of a torso and two pneumatic grippers. It is controlled by three air pumps and can realize pipeline linear motion. Use ABAQUS to perform finite element analysis on OMCA and measure its key geometric parameters under different pressure levels, and then test the robot’s kinematic performance. The movement speed of the robot on a pipe with a diameter of 10 cm is 0.3 mm/s.
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