Virtual power plants can aggregate distributed energy resources and interruptible loads in a region for coordinated regulation and unified transaction. However, with the diversification of competition in the electricity market, the distributed operation mechanism between multiple virtual power plants (multi-VPPs) has gradually become a research focus. Based on this, this paper proposes a new type of distributed transactions strategy between multi-VPPs, i.e., the transaction matching mechanism. A two-stage transaction model based on the transaction matching is constructed for multi-VPPs to participate in the day-ahead and intraday electricity trading markets. In the first stage, each VPP optimizes its own internal units’ output and external interaction power through a cooperative game; in the second stage, it is the transaction matching among multi-VPPs that can match the most suitable counterpart by flexible price setting to increase the benefits of all the VPPs. Considering the efficiency and security of blockchain technology, we choose to complete the transaction matching between multi-VPPs with the support of alliance blockchain technology to improve the speed of system solution.
The large-scale access of distributed energy resources has a certain impact on the power grid, so distributed energy resources cannot participate in the power market transactions alone. The concept of the virtual power plant (VPP) has thus emerged, which can aggregate distributed power sources and controllable loads in a region for coordinated regulation. The trading of VPPs should not only consider the economy but also its degree of low carbon. Therefore, this paper constructs a unified bidding strategy for multi-VPPs that considers carbon–electricity integration trading. We design a multi-game trading strategy among multi-VPPs to achieve unified trading, after each VPP determines its internal trading strategy. Finally, through simulation, we verify that the multiple game strategy between multi-VPPs that considers carbon trading here proposed can effectively improve the efficiency and trading income of VPPs and promote the consumption of new energy.
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