The skid resistance of a pavement surface is an important characteristic that influences traffic safety. Previous studies have shown that skid resistance varies with temperature. However, relatively limited work has been carried out to study the effect of temperature on skid resistance in hot climates. Recent developments in computing and computational methods have encouraged researchers to analyze the mechanics of the tire-pavement interaction phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to develop a thermo-mechanical tire pavement interaction model that would allow more robust and realistic modeling of skid resistance using the Finite Element (FE) method. The results of this model were validated using field tests that were performed in the State of Qatar. Consequently, the validated FE model was used to quantify the effect of factors such as speed, inflation pressure, wheel load, and ambient temperature on the skid resistance/braking distance. The developed model and analysis methods are expected to be valuable for road engineers to evaluate the skid resistance and braking distance for pavement management and performance prediction purposes.
Stopping distance includes the driver thinking distance and braking distance. Braking distance is one of the basic standards for road design and maintenance practices. Adequate tire-pavement skid resistance plays a significant role in reducing the braking distance and consequentially enhancing road driving safety conditions. With modern technology such as the anti-lock braking system (ABS), the friction force is maximized by controlling the brakes on and off repeatedly such that the braking distance is shortened. Several previous studies have shown the effect of some parameters, such as water film thickness, tire inflation pressure and wheel load on the braking distance. But relatively less discussion is about the effect of the slip ratio, temperature, and pavement surface characteristics. Measuring the braking distance in the field is energy-and time consuming apart from the uncertainties in the environmental conditions. General approaches to calculate the braking distance are based on basic mechanics principles. To the author's knowledge, a model capable of simulating the whole braking process is not yet available. In the current study, a way to predict braking distance by means of finite element (FE) modelling only is proposed. A model capable of including the effect of parameters such as temperature, slip ratio and asphalt surface characteristics on the braking distance is introduced.
Skid resistance is known to be affected by environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and pavement temperature. Finite element (FE) modeling has been an effective and efficient way to study the effects of temperature on skid resistance. However, existing FE models either are not able to incorporate the pavement surface characteristics or only perform heat transfer analysis per the two-dimensional (2-D) cross-section of the tire, which could lead to inaccurate predictions of skid resistance. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop a three-dimensional, coupled thermomechanical tire–pavement interaction model to investigate the variations in skid resistance as a function of ambient temperature and pavement temperature. The advantages and capability of the proposed model were highlighted by comparing the tire temperature profiles predicted by the proposed model and by the existing 2-D staggered model. Parametric studies of various factors that affect skid resistance were carried out. On the basis of the output results, a relationship between skid resistance and different parameters is proposed.
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