Based on the theory of acoustic waves, a circular surface radiator model is introduced as a basis for constructing a knowledge transfer model for a knowledge alliance. The three main variables in the model are chosen to be the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance, the frequency of knowledge transfer, and the relationship distances between the knowledge bodies. The internal mechanism of knowledge transfer in a knowledge alliance is studied, and the direct relationships among the internal influencing factors are explored. The results show that the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance, knowledge transfer frequency, and knowledge transfer effect are positively correlated. The “Rayleigh distance” in the knowledge field is the appropriate relationship distance measure for assessing knowledge transfer within the alliance. The Rayleigh distance is highly correlated with the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance and knowledge transfer frequency. Moreover, the number of enterprises in knowledge alliance and knowledge transfer frequency are interrelated.
We
report the preparation, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic
activity, and structural transformation of Pt–Ni nanowires
(NWs) during potential cycles in the presence and absence of Pt–Ni
nanoparticles (NPs). The ORR activity of NWs increases over 25000
potential cycles in the presence of NPs, involving the structural
transformation of NWs to branched nanostructures assisted by Ostwald
ripening of NPs. This structural transformation is coupled with the
surface electronic structural change, as confirmed by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and carbon monoxide stripping voltammetry,
leading to catalytic activity improvement and Pt dissolution suppression.
Although a similar structural transformation was also observed even
in the absence of NPs, greater amounts of Pt were dissolved during
potential cycles. These results indicate that the structural transformation
is intrinsic to Pt-based NWs but the structural transformation of
NWs assisted by Ostwald ripening of NPs is beneficial to suppress
the Pt dissolution. The concept of the structural optimization of
nanostructured catalysts assisted by Ostwald ripening of NPs under
potential cycles will guide us to develop highly active and durable
Pt-based electrocatalysts and phase-engineered nanomaterials.
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