Solid
electrolytes have attracted considerable interest in rechargeable
batteries because of their potential high safety, inhibition of electrode
dissolution, and large electrochemical window. However, their development
in some new battery concepts such as room-temperature halide ion batteries
has been scarce. Herein, we develop the inorganic halide perovskite
of CsSnCl3 prepared by mechanical milling and subsequent
mild heat treatment as the potential solid electrolyte for chloride
ion batteries (CIB). Benefiting from its high structural stability
against a phase transformation to monoclinic structure at room temperature,
the as-prepared cubic CsSnCl3 achieves an impressive electrochemical
performance with the highest ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10–4 S cm–1 and a large electrochemical
window of about 6.1 V at 298 K. These values are much higher than
1.2 × 10–5 S cm–1 and 4.25
V of the previously reported solid polymer electrolyte for CIBs. Importantly,
the chloride ion transfer of the as-prepared CsSnCl3 electrolyte
is demonstrated by employing the electrode couples of SnCl2/Sn and BiCl3/Bi.
Organic
molecules such as viologens with a nitrogen redox center
show promise as efficient anion storage materials in rechargeable
batteries. However, the high solubility of viologens in liquid electrolytes
limits their wide electrochemical application. Herein, an insoluble
polymerized polyxylylviologen chloride (PXVCl2) is first
developed as a chloride ion storage electrode in chloride ion batteries.
The as-prepared PXVCl2 electrode exhibits a competitive
discharge capacity of 140 mA h g–1 (86% of the theoretical
discharge capacity) compared to that of the previously reported organic
conducting polymer electrodes. The incorporation of graphene in the
PXVCl2 material achieves significant improvements in reaction
reversibility and rate capability of the PXVCl2 electrode.
Importantly, the nitrogen redox reactions based on chloride ion transfer
of the PXVCl2 electrode are demonstrated.
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