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Cyber Physical System (CPS) is a combination of physical systems with cyber systems, where there is a tight coupling between the two systems. It is widely used in critical national infrastructure, such as electric power, petroleum and chemical industries. Once an attack against the CPS obtains success, the consequence will be unimaginable. A well-designed risk assessment of CPS will provide an overall view of CPS security status and support efficient allocations of safeguard resources. Though there is much relationship between CPS and IT system, they are still different in various aspects, especially the requirement for real-time. Therefore, traditional risk assessment method for IT system can't be directly applied in CPS. New ideas on CPS risk assessment are in urgent need and one idea about this is addressed in this paper. Firstly, it presents a depict description of a three-level CPS architecture and makes an analysis on the corresponding security features in each level. Secondly, it sums up traditional risk assessment methods analyzes the differences between cyber physical system security and traditional IT system security. Finally, the authors blaze a trail under the new perspective of CPS after breaking the restriction of traditional risk assessment methods and propose a risk assessment idea for CPS.

In recent years, the security of cyberphysical system (CPS) has been focused on increasingly. The most common example of CPS is industrial control system (ICS), which is prevalent in almost every critical infrastructure, such as electricity, oil and gas, water, chemical processing, and healthcare. So ICS security has become a top priority in the security field. Based on a general description of the wireless sensor network (WSN), which is an important element of CPS, this paper first gives a comprehensive and deep understanding of CPS. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive description of the current situation of ICS security in the U.S. and the corresponding approaches the U.S. government and some industries have taken, including management, technology, standards and regulations, and researches of national laboratories. Thirdly, the paper shows the research on ICS in Europe, focusing on the most important report issued by ENISA. Then, compared with developed countries, it presents the grim situation of ICS security and describes the efforts of ICS security management in China.

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Governments, companies, universities and research institutes are pushing the research and development of cyber-physical systems (CPS). However, the development of cyberphysical systems is constrained by security factors. According to this situation, this paper put forward a CPS security model, which contains security objectives, basic theories, simulation, and CPS framework, summarizes security attacks to cyber-physical systems as a theoretical reference for the study of cyber-physical systems and to provide useful security defense. Based on the cyber-physical systems framework, the paper classifies attacks for the execution layer, transport layer and control layer. The execution layer attacks include security attacks for nodes such as sensors and actuators. Transport layer attacks include data leakage or damage and security issues during massive data integration. Control layer attacks include the loss of user privacy, incorrect access control policies and inadequate security standards. This paper gives security defenses and recommendations for all types of security attacks. Finally, this paper introduces categorizations of CPS application fields and explores their relationships.

Today, cyber physical systems (CPS)

People are often dissatisfied with their attitudes (e.g., liking their jobs too little or junk food too much) and would like to evaluate differently. On the basis of theory and research, a scale was developed to measure individual differences in preference for 2 types of cognitive tactics (epistemic or teleologic [E or T]) that people use when they try to change their own attitudes (Maio & Thomas, 2007). For each of 3 attitude objects (my life, a romantic partner, Arabs), the scale items loaded on the 2 intended factors, and E - T scale scores were significantly correlated across the 3 attitude objects (Study 1). Scale scores also displayed satisfactory internal and test-retest reliability and discriminant validity (Study 2). In addition, E - T scores (i.e., mean preference for epistemic vs. teleologic tactics) displayed satisfactory predictive and construct validity by predicting the extent to which individuals would recall negative attributes of their lives (Study 3) and of going to a counseling center (Study 4) after a session of deliberate self-persuasion. The discussion centers on theoretical and practical applications of the new scale.