Objectives Few studies have examined the relationship between language abilities and specific motor skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to compare the relationship of receptive language (RL) and expressive language (EL) abilities with motor functioning between toddlers with ASD aged 24–36 months and their typically developing (TD) peers. Furthermore, the study compared multidimensional motor functioning between toddlers with ASD with delayed RL and EL development and toddlers with ASD and typical RL and EL development. The predictive powers of the motor skills were examined for the group with delayed RL and EL development. Methods The language abilities of 38 toddlers with ASD and 38 age-matched TD toddlers were evaluated using the Receptive and Expressive Language Subscales of the Mullen Scale of Early Learning, and their motor skills were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd Edition. Results Significant correlations between language ability and motor functioning were observed in the ASD and TD groups. The ASD group with delayed RL and EL development had lower scores for multidimensional motor functioning than the ASD group with typical RL and EL development and the TD group. Moreover, the risks of delayed EL and RL development could be predicted by the lower motor scores among toddlers with ASD. Conclusions The positive correlation between language abilities and motor functioning among toddlers with ASD indicated potential connections between the early onsets of motor and speech–language impairments among these toddlers. Impact The results may have implications for the development of motor-based interventions targeting language development among young children with ASD.
This study explores the link between smartphone addiction in senior high-school students, parent–child relationship, loneliness, and self-efficacy on the basis of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social cognitive theory (SCT). A survey of 2172 students (1205 female students, 966 male students; mean age = 16.58 years, SD = 0.78) from 32 senior high schools in Taiwan was conducted. Moderation mediation analysis was performed using Model 14 of SPSS PROCESS-macro to test the hypotheses of this study. The result showed that the parent–child relationship was negatively related both to smartphone addiction and loneliness, which mediated the link between parent–child relationship and smartphone addiction. Self-efficacy was also found to moderate the level of loneliness related to smartphone addiction. Specifically, loneliness will ease when the parent–child relationship improves, and smartphone addiction will accordingly lessen. It was also discovered that the elevation of self-efficacy could mitigate the level of addiction. Lastly, this study provided parents, education agencies, and other policymakers in the education sector with implications based on these findings. Preventive measures for smartphone addiction and recommendations for future investigations are also given.
Purpose Acute traumatic subdural effusion with hemorrhage (ATSEH) is a common type of head trauma in children. However, there is considerable variation in the previous literature regarding the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies of ATSEH in children. The purpose of this study was to summarize the clinical features of ATSEH in children as well as to explore their treatment strategies. Methods There were 79 cases of ATSEH studied retrospectively at a pediatric teaching hospital over an 7-year period. The children ranged in age from 1 month to 3 years, with an average age of 8.51(4.33,11.00) months. We analyzed the relationship between the outcome of ATSEH treatment and factors such as age, sex, symptoms, signs, coagulation function, internal environmental homeostasis, and imaging materials. The mean follow-up time was 57.56(34,82) months. The mRS score was used for patient prognosis. Results 27 out of 79 (34.2%) children showed subtle findings. Impaired consciousness was observed in 26.4% of patients. 52 out of 79 (65.8%) children presented with overt neurological symptoms and signs, with vomiting was t the most common symptom. 51 of 79 children (64.6%) presented with increased fontanelle tone. 32 out of 79 (40.51%) patients required operative management. 73 of the 79 patients (92.4%) had a good prognosis. The patients in the surgical group showed reduced fibrinogen (<1.5g/L) in 53.1%, low hemoglobin (88.56±17.21) and hyponatremia (133.50±3.76). Conclusions Patients with an age of 9.07(4.31,8.30) presenting with increased impairment of consciousness and increased anterior fontanelle tone are the basis for surgical treatment. Through the treatment of patients with ATSEH, we have found that the essence of ATSEH is an impairment of cerebrospinal fluid circulation triggered by subdural hemorrhage, which leads to acute hydrocephalus. In patients with ATSEH with malignant cranial hypertension, the timely subdural drainage is the key to treating and reducing serious complications. Prevention and correction of hypofibrinogen and hyponatremia are important aspects of the treatment of ATSEH in children that cannot be ignored.
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