Step tests are a stressful and feasible cost-effective modality to evaluate aerobic performance. However, the eccentric in addition to concentric muscle contractions of the legs on stepping emerge as a potential speeding factor for cardioventilatory and metabolic adjustments towards a steady-state, since eccentric contractions would prompt an earlier and stronger mechanoreceptor activation, as well as higher heart rate/cardiac output adjustments to the same metabolic demand. Moreover, shorter tests are ideal for exercise-limited subjects. Nine subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were invited to participate in comprehensive lung function tests and constant work tests performed on different days at a 90% gas exchange threshold for 6 min, in single-step tests or cycle ergometry. After careful monoexponential regression modelling, statistically relevant faster phase II time constants for oxygen uptake (45 ± 18 s vs 53 ± 17 s, p = 0.017) and minute ventilation (61 ± 13 s vs 74 ± 17 s, p = 0.027) were observed in the 6-min step tests compared with cycle ergometry, respectively. Despite an absence of heart rate time constant difference (43 ± 20 s vs 69 ± 46 s, p = 0.167), there was a significantly faster rate constant toward a steady state for heart rate (p = 0.02). In addition, 4-min compared with 6-min analysis presented similar results (p > 0.05), providing an appropriate steady-state. We conclude that step tests might elicit faster time constants compared with cycle ergometry, at the same average metabolic level, and 4-min analysis has similar mean errors compared with 6-min analysis within an acceptable range. New studies, comprising mechanisms and detailed physiological backgrounds, are necessary.

Adjunctive therapy for hypertension is in high demand for clinical research. Therefore, several meta-analyses have provided sufficient evidence for meditation as an adjunct therapy, without being anchored on reliable physiological grounds. Meditation modulates the autonomic nervous system. Herein, we propose a hierarchical-dependent effect for the carotid body (CB) in attenuating blood pressure (BP) and ventilatory variability (VV) fine-tuning due to known nerve connections between the CB, prefrontal brain, hypothalamus, and solitary tract nucleus. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the role of CB in the possible decrease in BP and changes in VV that could occur in response to meditation. This was a prospective, single-center, parallelgroup, randomized, controlled clinical trial with concealed allocation. Eligible adult subjects of both sexes with stage 1 hypertension will be randomized into 1 of 2 groups: transcendental meditation or a control group. Subjects will be invited to 3 visits after randomization and 2 additional visits after completing 8 weeks of meditation or waiting-list control. Thus, subjects will undergo BP measurements in normoxia and hyperoxia, VV measurements using the Poincaré method at rest and during exercise, and CB activity measurement in the laboratory. The primary outcome of this study was the detection of changes in BP and CB activity after 8 weeks. Our secondary outcome was the detection of changes in the VV at rest and during exercise. We predict that interactions between hyperoxic deactivation of CB and meditation; Will reduce BP beyond stand-alone intervention or alternatively; Meditation will significantly attenuate the effects of hyperoxia as a stand-alone intervention. In addition, VV can be changed, partially mediated by a reduction in CB activity. Trial registration number: ReBEC registry (RBR-55n74zm). Stage: pre-results.

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No Brasil, a preocupação com a instrução das pessoas com necessidades educacionais específicas data do Império. Atualmente é consenso que não basta estes estudantes estarem matriculados na escola, eles têm que receber um suporte pedagógico que os auxilie nas suas dificuldades específicas educacionais. Partindo dos embasamentos legais e de teóricos como Capellini (2004), Mantoan (2013) e Perrenoud (2005), visando a perspectiva da inclusão escolar quanto às ações inclusivas nos documentos do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS), sobre estudantes com necessidades educacionais específicas, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a política aplicada pelo IFMS e as políticas públicas nacionais da educação especial e inclusiva, buscando entender a dinâmica do processo para propor soluções a possíveis entraves encontrados. No tocante à metodologia, utilizou-se a revisão bibliográfica e documental, operacionalizada pela coleta e análise de dados disponibilizados no site do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS). A partir da análise dos dados estabelecemos um paralelo com as leis vigentes no Brasil para averiguar se as ações institucionais corroboram com nacionais. Contudo, o presente estudo deixa claro que as políticas aplicadas pela Instituição corroboram com as nacionais, mas de forma parcial, descontínua e insuficiente. Essa conclusão deve-se ao fato de que as ações institucionais apresentam algumas lacunas; que devem ser preenchidas para viabilizar uma melhor aplicação das ações inclusivas ao estudante com NEE.

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