Fetal tissue-derived stem cells have been the subject of several studies. Among them, the yolk sac (YS) nourishes the embryo, synthesizes proteins and vitamins, and is the first hematopoietic site of the embryo. Stem cells derived from the YS can benefit several animal species as therapies aimed at tissue regeneration and immunological diseases. This review aims to describe the development, function, and possible dysfunctions of YS in different species, and consolidate the findings presented in the literature on the isolation, culture, and application of YS-derived stem cells from different mammals in regenerative medicine. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells have been previously investigated in the YS of different mammals; however, the culture media and isolation protocols differ between species. To date, no studies have been conducted using stem cells derived from the YS for cell therapy. Nevertheless, several domestic mammals have shown cellular markers characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the YS.
Canine Parvovirus infection is a disease caused by Canine Parvovirus (CPV) that results in hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and secondary infections, mainly in puppies between six weeks and six months old that are not immunized. Since there is no specific treatment for the condition, supportive therapy based on antibiotics, antiemetics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is traditionally used. Ozone therapy is an economical treatment that has bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral properties, besides promoting oxygenation and tissue regeneration, as well as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and was used as a complementary therapy in this study. Therefore, four mixed-breed dogs, aged between 2 and 3 months, with no previous immunization against CPV and testing positive for the virus in a rapid test were selected. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups, being 1: the control group (n=2) that received only supportive treatment; and 2: the experimental group (n=2), that in addition to conventional therapy received intravenously 500 mL of ozonized Ringer's Lactate solution. Before treatment and after 24 and 48 hours, the following clinical signs were evaluated: episodes of emesis and diarrhea, weight, hydration, blood glucose level, abdominal pain, and blood count. One control group animal died within the first hours of hospitalization. Both animals in the experimental group presented faster resolution of diarrheal episodes and shorter hospitalization time when compared to the surviving animal that received only supportive treatment. Although further studies are needed, ozone therapy showed promising results for the treatment of canine parvovirus.
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