Over the years, researchers have been conducting studies to investigate the water consumption profile in buildings; these studies have contributed to the accumulation of knowledge regarding the correct sizing of hydraulic systems in buildings. In the context of the methods for the characterization of system demand or loading values, the procedures commonly employed to obtain the project flow rate were primarily proposed in the mid-20th century. These models require revision and adaptation to the current water consumption values. In recent years, certain researchers have proposed simulation models with an application focus on water distribution systems owing to the random and temporal behavior of water demand in this system type. In this study, a water-demand stochastic simulation model in residential buildings is proposed, which encompasses the behavioral modelling of users and their interaction with the system to improve the design process of water distribution systems. Therefore, geographical and population factors (quantity, distribution, and organization) were considered for the behavioral modelling of users; regarding the system modelling, aspects related to the hydraulic system were considered, such as the relation between system components, the type of sanitary appliance, and the number of available devices. Different simulations—with several different types of showers—were conducted using the proposed model. Comparing the flows obtained from the simulation and from the Brazilian standard, for all system components, the decrease in the project flow rate varied from 4% to 61%. In terms of material consumption regarding the pipe (PVC), the decrease varied from 25% to 63%. Practical application: When assessing potential designs for components in water distribution systems in buildings robust information is required for water demand across different time scales. The use of simulation models represents an important advance for the dimensioning process of these components, since it is possible to know a wider range of information about the system demand possibilities. The use of this type of model, as discussed in this article, will equip the designer with an enhanced decision making capacity.
Resumoimplantação de sistemas de água não potável em edifícios residenciais está crescendo, tendo em vista a redução dos níveis atuais de demanda de água potável. Esse fato vem ocorrendo mesmo sem o embasamento teórico adequado por meio de normas técnicas, regulamentos ou legislações específicas para o projeto, execução e operação de tal sistema. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o desempenho qualitativo e quantitativo de um sistema descentralizado individual nas etapas de operação e manutenção. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso. Para tal, foram realizadas a caracterização do sistema e a coleta de informações de usuários. Os resultados mostram que o sistema de água não potável, além de não ter apresentado um impacto de redução no consumo de água, propiciou um surto de infecção gastrointestinal para a população do edifício, devido à falta de capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos em todas as etapas do sistema e, em especial, na etapa de operação e manutenção, o que afetou a saúde dos usuários. Conclui-se que a capacitação profissional para executar, operar e manter o sistema de água não potável é indispensável para garantir a eficiência no sistema e preservar a saúde dos usuários. Palavras
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