The authors aim at investigating factors driving and hindering financial inclusion in Vietnam. The dataset was achieved from the 2017 Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database of Vietnam along with two probit regressions were used to indentify factors driving access to formal financial system. The results showed that key obstacles to have a formal account are income shortage, education attainment, geographical location and individual perceptions. Converserly, age made a huge indicator of usage of formal financial services. Based on these findings, some recommendations were proposed to enhance financial inclusion for people in emerging countries such as Vietnam.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes urinary tract infections, intraabdominal infections and pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. The prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistant isolates has been increasing worldwide. Fifty one clinical strains obtained from tracheal aspirates, urine, blood, and swabs of patients from various public hospitals in Malaysia were analyzed by antimicrobial susceptibility test and DNA fingerprinting techniques. PCR detection of several resistance genes was also carried out. Using disk diffusion, the rates of resistance among the isolates were as follows: ampicillin 96%, piperacillin 61%, aztreonam 45%, ceftazidime 41%, cefriaxone 35%, gentamicin 27%, tetracycline 16%, amoxicillin, clavulanate and ciprofloxacin, 10% each, and cefepime 8%. Among them, 31 isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR; resistant to 2 or more classes of antimicrobial agents). Most MDR isolates were resistant to cefriaxone and aztreonam compared to non-MDR isolates. Using PCR, bla SHV , bla CTX-M , bla TEM and bla OXA genes encoding for extended spectrumˇ-lactamases (ESBL) were detected in 46, 19, 4 and 5 isolates, respectively. 41% of the strains produced 2 or more ESBLs. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to subtype these microorganisms to determine their genetic diversity. The clinical K. pneumoniae strains obtained from sporadic cases of infections were very diverse as determined by 2 DNA fingerprinting techniques. PFGE and RAPD-PCR generated 47 PFGE profiles (F = 0.53-1.0) and 49 PCR patterns (F = 0.30-1.0). Only two of the K. pneumoniae strains were indistinguishable by DNA fingerprinting. There were no correlation between the occurence of MDR and their DNA fingerprints. Imipenem seems to be the most active agent against Klebsiellae. In conclusion, 61% of the K. pneumoniae were MDR and the DNA fingerprinting indicated that the strains were very heterogeneous.
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