Sexual reproduction in flowering plants relies on the production of haploid gametophytes that consist of germline and supporting cells. During male gametophyte development, the asymmetric mitotic division of an undetermined unicellular microspore segregates these two cell lineages. To explore genetic regulation underlying this process, we screened for pollen cell patterning mutants and isolated the heterozygous myb81-1 mutant that sheds~50% abnormal pollen. Typically, myb81-1 microspores fail to undergo pollen mitosis I (PMI) and arrest at polarized stage with a single central vacuole. Although most myb81-1 microspores degenerate without division, a small fraction divides at later stages and fails to acquire correct cell fates. The myb81-1 allele is transmitted normally through the female, but rarely through pollen. We show that myb81-1 phenotypes result from impaired function of the GAMYB transcription factor MYB81. The MYB81 promoter shows microspore-specific activity and a MYB81-RFP fusion protein is only expressed in a narrow window prior to PMI. Ectopic expression of MYB81 driven by various promoters can severely impair vegetative or reproductive development, reflecting the strict microspore-specific control of MYB81. Our data demonstrate that MYB81 has a key role in the developmental progression of microspores, enabling formation of the two male cell lineages that are essential for sexual reproduction in Arabidopsis.
Background: Treatment adherence is considered as important and pivotal in the treatment andmanagement of Tuberculosis (TB) patients. This is still a big challenge of VietnamNationalTuberculosisControl Program, especially in the newcontext of the prolongedCOVID-19pandemic.Objectives: To describe the status of adherence to treatment and to identify some factorsaৼectingto the treatment adherence of TB patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study design using quantitative combined with qualitativemethodswasapplied. All 109 TB patients were selected for interviews with a structured questionnaireand23 in-depth interviews were conducted with TB patients, patients' family members andhealthworkers. Evaluation of electronic information through assessment of adherence tomedicationuse,compliance with follow-up visits and compliance with periodic testing. Results: The study collected information from 109 TB patients, 10 patients' family membersand03health workers involved in the outpatient TB management process. Adherence rate of TBpatientswas 45.9%. Some factors aৼecting the treatment adherence of TB patients include: educationlevel, average income, other comorbidities, Tuberculosis knowledge and understandingof TBtreatment adherence, family and relatives' help and support; supportive social organizations;patients aৼected by the COVID-19 epidemic; the supervision and support of healthworkers, theform of reminders of medication time and follow-up visits; undesirable eৼects of anti-tuberculosisdrugs, patients are provided with information about TB by health workers andTBinformationcenters, and patients' satisfaction with the provision of medical services. Conclusions: The rate of adherence to treatment of TB patients is still low. It is necessarytohavesolutionsto enhance treatment adherence of TB patients, thereby improving the eৼectiveness of treatment.
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