Electron transfer through molecules is an ubiquitous process underlying the function of biological systems and synthetic devices. The electronic coupling between components varies with the structure of the molecular bridge, often in classically unintuitive ways, as determined by its quantum electronic structure. Considerable efforts in electron-transfer theory have yielded models that are useful conceptually and provide quantitative means to understand transfer rates in terms of local contributions. Here we show how a description of the local currents within a bridging molecule bound to metallic electrodes can provide chemical insight into current flow. In particular, we show that through-space, as opposed to through-bond, terms dominate in a surprising number of instances, and that interference effects can be characterized by the reversal of ring currents. Together these ideas have implications for the design of molecular electronic devices, in particular for the ways in which substituent effects may be used for maximum impact.

Theory and experiment examining electron transfer through molecules bound to electrodes are increasingly focused on quantities that are conceptually far removed from current chemical understanding. This presents challenges both for the design of interesting molecules for these devices and for the interpretation of experimental data by traditional chemical mechanisms. Here, the concept of electronic coupling from theories of intramolecular electron transfer is extended and applied in the scattering theory (Landauer) formalism. This yields a simple sum over independent channels, that is then used to interpret and explain the unusual features of junction transport through cross-conjugated molecules and the differences among benzene rings substituted at the ortho, meta, or para positions.

We calculate that significant quantum interference effects can be observed in elastic electron transport through acyclic molecules. Interference features are evident in the transmission characteristics calculated for cross-conjugated molecules; significantly, these effects dominate the experimentally observable conduction range. The unusual transport characteristics of these molecules are highlighted through comparison with linearly conjugated and nonconjugated systems. The cross-conjugated molecules presented here show a large dynamic range in conductance. These findings represent a new motif for electron transfer through molecules that exhibit both very high and very low tunneling conductance states accessible at low bias without nuclear motion. In designing single molecule electronic components, a large dynamic range allows a high on/off ratio, a parameter of fundamental importance for switches, transistors, and sensors.

The mechanism for off-resonant electron transport through small organic molecules in metallic junctions is predominantly coherent tunneling. Thus, new device functionalities based on quantum interference could be developed in the field of molecular electronics. We invoke a partitioning technique to give an analytical treatment of quantum interference in a benzene ring. We interpret the antiresonances in the transmission as either multipath zeroes resulting from interfering spatial pathways or resonance zeroes analogous to zeroes induced by sidechains.

Light-harvesting system 2 (LH2) of purple bacteria is one of the most popular antenna complexes used to study Nature's way of collecting and channeling solar energy. The dynamics of the absorbed energy is probed by ultrafast spectroscopy. Simulation of these experiments relies on fitting a range of parameters to reproduce the spectra. Here, we present a method that can determine key parameters to chemical accuracy. These will eliminate free variables in the modeling, thus reducing the problem. Using MS-RASPT2/RASSCF calculations, we compute excitation energies and transition dipole moments of all bacteriochlorophylls in LH2. We find that the excitation energies vary among the bacteriochlorophyll monomers and that they are regulated by the curvature of the macrocycle ring and the dihedral angle of an acetyl moiety. Increasing the curvature lifts the ground state energy, which causes a red shift of the excitation energy. Increasing the torsion of the acetyl moiety raises the excited state energy, resulting in a blue shift of the excitation energy. The obtained results mark a giant leap for multiconfigurational multireference quantum chemical methods in the photochemistry of biological systems, which can prove instrumental in exposing the underlying physics of photosynthetic light-harvesting.

We present a very simple model for numerically describing the steady state dynamics of a system interacting with continua of states representing a bath. Our model can be applied to equilibrium and nonequilibrium problems. For a one-state system coupled to two free electron reservoirs, our results match the Landauer formula for current traveling through a molecule. More significantly, we can also predict the nonequilibrium steady state population on a molecule between two out-of-equilibrium contacts. While the method presented here is for one-electron Hamiltonians, we outline how this model may be extended to include electron-electron interactions and correlations, an approach which suggests a connection between the conduction problem and the electronic structure problem.

A simple method that accurately captures the dynamics of metal–molecule–metal junctions under the influence of time-dependent driving forces is presented. In the method, the metallic contacts are modeled explicitly as a discrete set of levels that are dynamically broadened via an artificial damping term in the equations of motion. The approximations that underlie the method are revealed via a derivation of the effective equations of motion within the framework of nonequilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF) theory. As shown, the method applies to junctions that can be described by an effective independent Fermion Hamiltonian, admits arbitrary time dependence in the molecular Hamiltonian, and is restricted to time-dependent voltages that are adiabatically slow. The method is trivial to implement computationally, has a well-defined range where the results are independent of artificial model parameters, and is numerically shown to quantitatively reproduce the time-dependent transport characteristics of a model molecular junction driven by laser fields as described by an exact NEGF method in the wide band limit. As such, it generalizes previous efforts to capture Landauer transport via effective Liouville equations of motion with damping terms and constitutes an intuitive and technically accessible method for modeling time-dependent transport phenomena in molecular junctions that are driven by electric fields or fluctuating environments.

Abstract:A parameter free version of the recently developed driven Liouville-von Neumann equation [J. Chem. Theo. Comp. 10, 2927-2941] for electronic transport calculations in molecular junctions is presented. A single driving rate, appearing as a fitting parameter in the original methodology, is replaced by a set of state-dependent broadening factors applied to the different single-particle lead levels. These broadening factors are extracted explicitly from the self-energy of the corresponding electronic reservoir and are fully transferable to any junction incorporating the same lead model. 2