The purpose of this study was to assess the current literature on the effectiveness of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) in assisting the spontaneous eruption of impacted maxillary canines. Materials and methods: Four electronic databases were searched (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase) by applying appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Two authors independently and systematically reviewed the literature. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective controlled clinical trials (pCCTs) were identified and selected. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) were used to assess the quality of the obtained articles. Spontaneous canine eruption was used as a primary outcome. Results: Three RCTs and two pCCTs met the inclusion criteria. One study was assessed at a high risk of bias in the RCT group, while the remainder were at an unclear risk of bias. Both pCCTs were classified as a moderate risk of bias based on the ROBINS-I tool. The success rate of canine eruption following RPE, with or without additional treatment, ranged from 65.7 to 85.7%, which was statistically significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: RPE appears to improve the position of displaced maxillary canines and increase the likelihood of spontaneous eruption. However, there is a shortage of high-quality evidence to conclude that RPE can be an effective treatment option for impacted maxillary canines.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin is one of the most commonly used materials for fabricating the base of removable orthodontic appliances. It is known that PMMA resin can promote the adhesion of microbes due to its surface porosity and from long-term use. Vanillin-incorporated PMMA resin has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against Candida albicans. However, the influence of vanillin incorporation on the water sorption and solubility of self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin has not been studied. Objective: To determine the water sorption and solubility of self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin incorporated with different concentrations of vanillin. Materials and methods: Three groups of self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin incorporated with 0.1% and 0.5% vanillin as well as PMMA without vanillin as a control were prepared with ten specimens per group. Water sorption and solubility tests were performed according to ISO 20795-2:2013 specifications. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at a p<0.05 significance level were used to analyse the data. Results: All three groups met ISO standard requirements. The means of water sorption values showed insignificant differences among the three groups even though the value of the 0.5% vanillin group tended to decrease. Water solubility of the 0.1% vanillin-incorporated group was not significantly different when compared with the control group whereas that of the 0.5% vanillin-incorporated group exhibited a significant lower value when compared with both control and 0.1% vanillin-incorporated groups. This suggests that increasing concentrations of vanillin would decrease the water solubility of PMMA resin. Conclusion: The incorporation of 0.5% vanillin into self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin could significantly reduce its water solubility and showed a trend of less water sorption property. Even with different vanillin concentrations, the water sorption and water solubility properties of PMMA resin were within the ISO standards. Nevertheless, further studies are recommended to determine the amount of residual monomer present in different concentrations of vanillin-incorporated PMMA resin.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin is the main polymeric material used in removable orthodontic appliances. However, it can promote the adhesion of microbes due to its surface porosity and from long-term use. While vanillin incorporated PMMA resin has been reported to have antimicrobial effects against Candida albicans, the influence of vanillin incorporation on the physical properties of self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin has not been studied. Objective: To determine the flexural strength and flexural modulus of self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin incorporated with vanillin in different concentrations. Materials and methods: Three groups of self-curing orthodontic PMMA with incorporated vanillin concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5% as well as PMMA without vanillin as a control were prepared with ten specimens per group. Flexural strength and flexural modulus were tested by a 3-point bending machine according to ISO 20795-2:2013 specifications. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at a p<0.05 significance level were used to analyse the data. Results: The 0.1% vanillin incorporated group met ISO standard requirements (flexural strength = 60.48 MPa, flexural modulus = 1756.60 MPa), while the 0.5% vanillin incorporated group failed to pass this standard (flexural strength = 46.94 MPa, flexural modulus = 1423.49 MPa). The means of both flexural strength and flexural modulus showed significant differences among the three groups. Increasing the concentration of vanillin would decrease the flexural strength and flexural modulus of PMMA resin. Conclusion: The incorporation of vanillin into self-curing orthodontic PMMA resin can affect its physical properties, namely flexural strength and flexural modulus. At a concentration of 0.1% vanillin incorporation, PMMA resin displayed physical properties within the ISO standards.
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