The improvement and performance of a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography assay for cefepime in human serum and plasma with a 50 μm id fused-silica capillary elongated from 40 to 60 cm is reported. Sample preparation with dodecylsulfate protein precipitation at pH 4.5, the pH 9.1 separation medium, and the applied voltage were as reported previously [16]. The change resulted in a significant lower current, higher resolution, and increased detection time intervals. The performance of the assay with multilevel internal calibration was assessed with calibration and control samples. Quality assurance data of a 2-year period assessed under the new conditions demonstrated the robustness of the assay. In serum samples of patients who received both cefepime and sulfamethoxazole, cefepime could not be detected due to the inseparability of the two compounds. The presence of an interference can be recognized by an increased peak width (width > 0.2 min), the appearance of a shoulder or an unresolved double peak. The patient data gathered during a 3-year period reveal that introduction of therapeutic drug monitoring led to a 50% reduction of the median drug level. The data suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring can help to minimize the risk of major adverse reactions and to increase drug safety on an individual basis.
A new type of dumb-bellshaped host molecule (6 ± 8) has been synthesised, of which 1,8-bis((1)-adamantyl)-1, 3,5, forms an open porous architecture when cocrystallised with a number of typical solvent molecules. Adamantyl substituents attached to a tetraalkyne spacer build up the walls of parallel channels wherein guest molecules are aligned. Surprisingly, the tetraalkyne unit is significantly bent. Desolvation experiments provide evidence for a reversible inclusion of guests. In the case of the inclusion of 2-butanone, a partial substitution by symmetrical and asymmetrical long-chain chromophores during crystallisation was possible. Stained crystals showed optical frequency doubling. The crystal structure analysis revealed a centric space group, although considerable translational and orientational disorder was present. Application of scanning pyroelectric microscopy revealed that the growth of inclusion compounds with 2-butanone produced polar ordering of guest molecules, which were aligned in two macro-domains of opposing polarity. The resulting orientation of the carbonyl dipoles is in agreement with the theoretical prediction of a Markov model of spontaneous polarity formation based on molecular recognition processes on growing crystal faces. The present case represents a new example of a property-driven supramolecular synthesis.
Intelligent vehicles gradually enter the vehicular fleet with advanced driver-assistance technologies. Their impact on traffic should, therefore, be considered by transportation decision-makers. This paper examines the effect of vehicles with different levels of automation on traffic flow, such as non-assisted vehicles, vehicles with driver assistance systems, and fully autonomous vehicles. The accuracy of the examined traffic scenario is also an important factor in microscopic traffic simulation. In this paper, the central part of the city of Duisburg, Duisburg’s inner ring, is chosen for the traffic scenario. Through the cooperation with local government, official data of Origin/Destination matrices, induction loops, and traffic light plans are provided for this work. Thus, traffic demand from Origin/Destination matrices and induction loops are generated and compared, respectively. Finally, vehicles with different levels of automation are simulated in the Duisburg inner ring scenario.
Automotive lighting devices generally have to meet high standards. For example to avoid discomfort glare for the oncoming traffic, luminous intensities of a low beam headlight must decrease by more than one order of magnitude within a fraction of a degree along the horizontal cutoff-line. At the same time, a comfortable homogeneous illumination of the road requires slowly varying luminous intensities below the cutoff line. All this has to be realized taking into account both, the legal requirements and the customer's stylistic specifications.In order to be able to simulate and optimize devices with a good optical performance different light source models are required. In the early stage of e.g. reflector development simple unstructured models allow a very fast development of the reflectors shape. On the other hand the final simulation of a complex headlamp or signal light requires a sophisticated model of the spectral luminance. In addition to theoretical models based on the light source's geometry, measured luminance data can also be used in the simulation and optimization process.
Molybdenum-based compounds are effective smoke suppressants for rigid and flexible polyvinyl chloride formulations, both unfilled and filled with calcium carbonate and alumina trihydrate. These compounds, two of which are new compounds based on zinc molybdate with or without a phosphite synergist, are useful as is or extended onto core materials such as clay or talc. The addition of molybdenumcontaining additives to flexible PVCs containing antimony trioxide usually raises the oxygen index and thus improves flame retardancy. Tests indicate that molybdenum acts as a flame and smoke suppressant in the solid phase.
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