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How correct is the ecologically based inference that counterproductive behavior and drug use at work are symptoms of job dissatisfaction? To answer this question, data were collected from a national sample of 1,327 wage and salaried workers. There was a significant association between job satisfaction and selfreports of counterproductive behavior only among men 30 years old or older. Similar results were found for drug use at work.Work-related behaviors of interest to organizational and industrial psychologists fall into two broad categories (March & Simon, 1958): (a) behaviors that reflect the outcome of a worker's decision to participate in an employing organization, and (b) behaviors that reflect the decision to perform in his or her role in that organization.In addition to such frequently studied behaviors as turnover and productivity, there are other indicators of the decisions to participate and perform. Nonparticipation, for example, need not be physical. A worker can retreat from his or her work situation by means other than simply not showing up for work (as reflected in measures of turnover, absenteeism, or lateness). He or she can also withdraw psychologically through daydreaming, through a self-divestment of the psychological importance of work, or through the use of drugs to help him or her get through a day at work. In addition, conventional treatments of the decision to perform ignore the distinction between two quite different types of nonperformance: doing little or nothing (e.g., as reflected in poor quality or quantity of output) and doing something that is, from an employer's perspective, counterproductive (e.g., damaging an employer's product on purpose).Much interest in the popular and semischolarly press has focused in the last year or so upon

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Men have higher drowning rates than women for most age groups. Data from a 1991 national household survey (n = 3042) on aquatic activities were used to examine hypotheses about differential drowning rates by sex. Men and women were compared by (1) exposure to aquatic environments; (2) frequency of aquatic activities involving or potentially involving, submersion; (3) swimming training and ability; (4) aquatic risk-taking behaviors; and (5) alcohol use on or near the water. Men had elevated risks for exposure, risk taking, and alcohol use. It was concluded that several factors contribute to their relatively high drowning rates, including a possible interaction between overestimation of abilities and heavy alcohol use.

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Background: Previous studies on worksite drinking norms showed individually perceived norms were associated with drinking behaviours. Objective: To examine whether restrictive drinking social norms shared by workgroup membership are associated with decreased heavy drinking, frequent drinking and drinking at work at the worker level. Methods: The sample included 5338 workers with complete data nested in 137 supervisory workgroups from 16 American worksites. Multilevel models were fitted to examine the association between workgroup drinking norms and heavy drinking, frequent drinking and drinking at work. Results: Multivariate adjusted models showed participants working in workgroups in the most discouraging drinking norms quartile were 45% less likely to be heavy drinkers, 54% less likely to be frequent drinkers and 69% less likely to drink at work than their counterparts in the most encouraging quartile. Conclusions: Strong associations between workgroup level restrictive drinking social norms and drinking outcomes suggest public health efforts at reducing drinking and alcohol-related injuries, illnesses and diseases should target social interventions at worksites.

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Mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health threat in Sri Lanka. A 20-week pilot education program to improve community knowledge and mosquito control with participatory and non-chemical approaches was developed, implemented, and evaluated using pre-educational and post-educational surveys in two intervention and two comparison villages. Correlates of baseline knowledge were sex, number of family members, ratio of family members with malaria history, school education level, and availability of electricity at the residence. Participation in the educational program led to improved knowledge of mosquito ecology and disease epidemiology, changes in agricultural practices, and an increase in environmentally sound measures for mosquito control and disease prevention. The variety of actions at the post-educational stage were determined by improved knowledge, but not by sociodemographic characteristics. Such community-based educational interventions are effective in increasing understanding and active involvement in mosquito control and disease prevention in rice ecosystems regardless of sociodemographic characteristics.