8Emission legislation that applies to engines used in shipping, rail and land 9 power generation becomes increasingly strict. E.g. IMO Tier III applicable to 10 sea-going vessels limits the NO x emission by 75% compared to IMO Tier II.
11Attaining these without sacrificing fuel consumption is a big challenge. This 12 paper reports on engine internal measures that can provide a viable alternative 13 to expensive (running costs) and bulky after-treatment. Exhaust Gas Recircu-
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