This study account~ for the organization of scientific research in nctworb of socio-intellectual tics that bind scientists into a community cultivating the scientific tradition. During the twentieth century the scientific community ha~ become incr ca~ingly global both in the sense that its membership ha~ spread world-widely and in the sense that its long-distance tics have intensified. The globalization of the community and it~ tics ha~ been promot ed by widely institutionalized arrangements, especially through the world's adoption of and belief in several scientific tenets: the universal validity of scientific knowledge, the ownership principle that knowled ge should be the common property of humankind, and the political principle of granting autonom y to scientist~ for forming tics. The community and its network of tics form a hi erarchy with centers attract ing tics from peripheries. During the twentieth century the main center ha~ shifted from Western Europe to North America while Eastern Europe ha~ becom e less central, Ea~t A~ia has become a bit central, and other regions have remained peripheral. A center attracts students from around the world for education, attracts scientist~ for conferences and visit~, attracts deference from scientists throughout the world, exerts pcrva~ivc influenc e, is widely emulated, and is a desired source of recognition . In the global network~ of tics, specifica lly of deference, influence, emulation and desire for recognition, there is an accumulation in the center of tics, both from within the center a~ an enhanced self-reliance and from the periphery as an enhanced centrality, exceeding the research performance at the center.Acknowledgments.
The proposition that entrepreneurs' innovation is embedded in networking is refined. We distinguish between networking in the public sphere and networking in the private sphere, and hypothesize that innovation benefits from public sphere networking but suffers from private sphere networking. These hypotheses are tested with a representative sample of 56,611 entrepreneurs in 61 countries surveyed in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Hierarchical linear modeling shows that, while overall networking benefits innovation, innovation is decreased by private sphere networking and increased by networking in the public sphere, especially in the professions and internationally. A further refinement is to consider entrepreneurs' endeavors as embedded in society with its system of education for entrepreneurship. We hypothesize that the quality of a national system moderates the impacts of networks on innovation by adding value to networks. Analyses show that quality of national educational system adds innovation benefits to both public sphere networking and private sphere networking.
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