Highlights d FEZF2 specifies subtype-specific fates in newly born neurons d FEZF2 functions as a transcriptional repressor to specify cell fate d FEZF2 specifies cell fates by repressing alternate cell-typespecific genes d FEZF2 and TLE4 are co-repressors in corticothalamic projection neurons

Amyloid β (Aβ) 42 is an aggregation-prone peptide and the believed seminal etiological agent of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intermediates of Aβ42 aggregation, commonly referred to as diffusible oligomers, are considered to be among the most toxic forms of the peptide. Here, we studied the effect of the age-related epimerization of Ser26 (i.e., S26s chiral edit) in Aβ42 and discovered that this subtle molecular change led to reduced fibril formation propensity. Surprisingly, the resultant soluble aggregates were nontoxic. To gain insight into the structural changes that occurred in the peptide upon S26s substitution, the system was probed using an array of biophysical and biochemical methods. These experiments consistently pointed to the stabilization of aggregation intermediates in the Aβ42−S26s system. To better understand the changes arising as a consequence of the S26s substitution, molecular level structural studies were performed. Using a combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-and density functional theory (DFT)-computational approach, we found that the S26s chiral edit induced only local structural changes in the Gly25−Ser26−Asn27 region. Interestingly, these subtle changes enabled the formation of an intramolecular Ser26−Asn27 H-bond, which disrupted the ability of Asn27 to engage in the fibrillogenic side chain-to-side chain H-bonding pattern. This reveals that intermolecular stabilizing interactions between Asn27 side chains are a key element controlling Aβ42 aggregation and toxicity.

Amyloid β is an inherently disordered peptide that can form diverse neurotoxic aggregates, and its 42‐amino‐acid isoform is believed to be the agent responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cellular uptake of the peptide is a pivotal step for it to be able to exert many of its toxic actions. The cellular uptake process is complex, and numerous competing internalization pathways have been proposed. To date, it remains unclear which of the uptake mechanisms are particularly important for the overall process, and improvement of this understanding is needed, so that better molecular AD therapeutics can be designed. Chirality can be used as a unique tool to study this process, because some of the proposed mechanisms are expected to proceed in stereoselective fashion, whereas others are not. To shed light on this important issue, we synthesized fluorescently labeled enantiomers of amyloid β and quantified their cellular uptake, finding that uptake occurs in stereoselective fashion, with a typical preference for the l stereoisomer of ≈5:1. This suggests that the process is predominantly receptor‐mediated, with likely minor contributions of non‐stereoselective mechanisms.

Evidence linking amyloid beta (Aβ) cellular uptake and toxicity has burgeoned, and mechanisms underlying this association are subjects of active research. Two major, interconnected questions are whether Aβ uptake is aggregation-dependent and whether it is sequence-specific. We recently reported that the neuronal uptake of Aβ depends significantly on peptide chirality, suggesting that the process is predominantly receptor-mediated. Over the past decade, the cellular prion protein (PrPC) has emerged as an important mediator of Aβ-induced toxicity and of neuronal Aβ internalization. Here, we report that the soluble, nonfibrillizing Aβ (1–30) peptide recapitulates full-length Aβ stereoselective cellular uptake, allowing us to decouple aggregation from cellular, receptor-mediated internalization. Moreover, we found that Aβ (1–30) uptake is also dependent on PrPC expression. NMR-based molecular-level characterization identified the docking site on PrPC that underlies the stereoselective binding of Aβ (1–30). Our findings therefore identify a specific sequence within Aβ that is responsible for the recognition of the peptide by PrPC, as well as PrPC-dependent cellular uptake. Further uptake stereodifferentiation in PrPC-free cells points toward additional receptor-mediated interactions as likely contributors for Aβ cellular internalization. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of targeting cellular surface receptors to inhibit Aβ cellular uptake as an alternative route for future therapeutic development for Alzheimer’s disease.